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The Geography of Rome
Legend
• Legendary story of Aeneas
• Trojan who travelled to Italy, where
he became the ancestor of the
Romans.
• The Aeneid, by Virgil
Romulus and Remus
• Romulus and Remus are the twin
brothers and central characters of
Rome's foundation myth
• Their mother was Rhea Silvia, Father
was Mars (god of war)
• Rhea Silvia’s brother had the twins
abandoned in the Tiber river
• They did not die, but were carried
down river where they were adopted
by a she wolf
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
• Later adopted by a shepard and his
wife
• Natural leaders, they sought to
found a new city but quarreled over
its location and Romulus killed
Remus
• Romulus founded Rome (750 BCE)
• Palantine Hill (one of the seven hills
of Rome … center)
The Etruscans
• Modern English name given to a
civilization of ancient Italy in the area
corresponding roughly to Tuscany
• influenced by Greek traders and
Greek neighbors
• Monarch or chief ruled the state
• Leader tied to religious beliefs
(Theocracy)
• Polytheistic
• all visible phenomena were
considered to be a manifestation of
divine power and that power was
subdivided into deities
• Sandals
Influence of the Etruscans
 Writing
 Religion
 The Arch
Republican Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
• The Twelve Tables came about as
a result of the long social struggle
between patricians and plebeians
• Table I mandates that when a person is accused of
something, both accused and accuser must be present
at a hearing or trial on the matter. Also, if both parties
don't show up for a court date, the judge is free to rule in
favor of the party that did show up.
• Table III gives debtors 30 days to pay off a debt. After
that, a creditor is free to seize the debtor and make him
or her a prisoner.
• Table IV makes a man's will binding.
• Table VIII lists specific punishments for certain crimes. It
also says that if a person fails to show up as a trial
witness, then that person will never again be allowed to
be a witness. Most importantly, it says that a person
shown to have lied in court will be put to death.
• Table IX specifies capital punishment for judges who
have taken bribes and for people who have committed
treason.
The Roman Forum
Rome’s Early Road System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
Carthaginian Empire
Punic Wars
• The First Punic War (264–241 BCE)
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Fought over a smaller conflict in Sicily
Rome won major land battle (Agrigentum)
Carthage NAVAL POWER !!!
Rome built navy and initiated new tactic
(corvus)
– Victory made Rome the most powerful entity
in the Mediterranean
Second Punic War
(218 BCE – 201 BCE)
• Longtime resentment and colonial
rivalry caused this second conflict
• Best known for Carthaginian
general hannibal Barca …
elephants / Alps
• Roman victory in Africa … Battle of
Zama … Scipio Africanus
Hannibal’s Route
Third Punic War (149–146 BCE)
• Mostly a Roman siege of Carthage
that resulted in the destruction of
the city
Reform Leaders
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
•
the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
 Gaius Marius
•
recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
•
professional standing army.
Roman Republic
Culture
• several theatres, gymnasiums, and
many taverns, baths and brothels
• Most Roman towns and cities had a
forum and temples, as did the city of
Rome itself
• Aqueducts brought water to urban
centers
• Slavery and slaves were part of the
social order; there were slave
markets where they could be bought
and sold
• Men typically wore a toga, and women a
stola. The woman's stola differed in looks
from a toga, and was usually brightly
colored
• Romans had simple food habits. Staple
food was generally consumed at around
11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, salad,
cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left
over from the dinner the night before
Leaders of Note
• Sulla
– Brought his army into Rome
– Future leaders forbidden form doing so
– Ruled with near total authority
– Resigned after reforming government
to benefit aristocracy
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Licinius Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Second Triumvirate
 Octavian Augustus
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
The “efficiency” of
Augustus?
• Reduced inefficiency and corruption
• No threat from ambitious individuals
• Senate was appeased but given no
power
• Purged senate of “less desirable
elements”
• He recruited specific people to be
appointed senators
Defense of Augustus?
• Divided Rome in to regions
(efficient management with local
authority)
• Professional army
• Spread of Roman culture
The First Roman
Dynasty
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Roman Colosseum
Colosseum
• Vespasian – 72 CE
• Titus – 80 CE
• Seating for 50,000
• Seating based on social rank,
status
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
Circus Maximus
• Roughly 2,000 feet by 400 feet
• SEVEN (7) football fields in length
• 150,000 spectators
The Rise of Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
The Spread of Christianity
Persecution?
• Claudius (41 – 54) – expelled
Christians
• Nero (54 – 68)– scapegoats … fire
• Trajan (98 – 117) – moderation
regarding religion
• Mobs often persecuted Christians
more than the government … self
righteous
• Martyrs
• Decius – 250 CE war with Goths
– Persecution was tied to war
– Decius sought blessing of Rome’s
traditional deities in war along with
public rituals and sacrifices
– Christians refused
• Valerian – 255-260
– Persecution of Christians was tied to
confiscation of land and property of
wealthy Christians
• Martyrs
Roman Catholic Rome
• By the time of the death of
Theodosius in 394, Christianity was
official religion of Rome
• Not always good
– Conversion for wrong reasons
– Church influence in government
weakened government
Arianism and Nicea
• For three hundred years Christians
debated “what” Jesus was
• Arians held that Jesus was NOT
God. He was the son of God and
more than a mere man, BUT not
God
• This contradicted what many
church leaders had accepted …
Trinity
• Nicea (325) – settled issue
Imperial Roman Road System
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Invaders
• Visogoths – 410 … Alaric
• Huns – Attila 452
• Vandals - 455
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of Justinian
Byzantine Empire
• Three periods of Byzantine Empire
– 1. 324 – 632 from the rebuilding of
Byzantium as Constantinople to the
period of Islam
– 2. 632 – 1071 when the Seljuk Turks
conquered
– 3. 1071 – 1453 When Ottoman Turks
conquered and established the
Ottoman Empire
The Byzantine Emperor
Justinian
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch