Download Rome & Han China - Miami Beach Senior High School

Rome & Han China
Mr. Ermer
Miami Beach Senior High
World History AP
The Age of Empires
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The late centuries BCE and the early centuries CE
see the rise of larger, more centralized empires
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Imperial Rome & Han Dynasty China (Han China)
Rome & China have no direct contact
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Connected by complicated trading networks
Rome & China have little influence on each other
 Rome & China establish long lasting stability in area
 Rome & China both establish territorial-cultural links that
persevere to the present day
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Important differences
 Han
China looked to past dynasties for inspiration
 Romans evolved pragmatically
The Roman Republic
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Small republic of farmers grows rich through trade
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Geography = fertile farmland, cultural unity
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Italy’s central location in Mediterranean makes natural
marketplace for trade, agricultural tradition meant land =
wealth
Romans influenced by neighbors: Etruscans & Greeks
The Seven Hills of Rome (Palatine Hill)
Seven kings of Rome, overthrown by Brutus “the
Liberator”—creates the Res Publica “The Public Thing”
The Roman Republic
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Senate and consuls, votes of the wealthy counted more
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Conflict of the Orders: patricians vs. plebeians
Twelve Stone Tablets: Rome’s first code of laws
Tribunes: officials elected to protect the interest of the lower class
Etruscan Royalty of Rome
The Senate of Rome:
Roman Society
Latin Clan of Indo-Europeans
 Patron/Client Relationship
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 Emperors=patrons
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of the masses, give gifts
Basic unit of Roman life = family
 paterfamilias
Roman women have more rights than Greek
 Rome adopts the Greek pantheon
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 Priests
appointed from the wealthy class to
perform rituals and maintain pax deorum
The Military & War Ethos
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Roman divisions more maneuverable than Phalanx
Drafted conquered peoples into army
 Non-Italians afforded citizenship
 Rome’s army gains power as it conquers
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Rome vs. Carthage
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First Punic War, Rome wins control of Sicily
Second Punic War, Hannibal attacks Italy
Rome sacks Carthage, Carthaginian Empire ends
The Roman War Ethos
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Romans hold strong ideals of honor, fight harder
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Soldiers are rewarded for courage
Hannibal Crossing The Alps
Battle of Zama
Phoenician Carthage
The Carthaginian Empire
The Roman Empire in 129 B.C.
Building An Empire
After defeating Carthage, Romans set sights
on Greek city-state of Corinth—and win
 Romans continue to fight for control of the
Hellenistic kingdoms of Asia & Africa
 Julius Caesar conquers the Gauls
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 Caesar’s
army kills a million Gauls, enslave
another million
Caesar, Protector of Rome
Death of the Republic
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Rich farmers leave for long military service
consolidate land into latifudia
 Conflict of the Orders increases—crisis
 Dictators keep the peace during times of crisis
 Investors
 Ruled
 90s-30s
for six month terms, dicta (word) = law
BCE: Rome engulfed in civil war
 Generals
command personally loyal armies
 Two Triumvirates
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Julius Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus
Marc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus
The Roman Empire
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Octavian emerges victorious from civil war
Designated Imperator by the Senate
 Changes name to Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
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Emperors presented as semidivine with civil consent
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Caligula presents self as “living god”
Many emperors commit suicide or assassinated
Military now comprised by life-long professionals
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Assumes other titles like princeps
Emperors seen as successful based on military victory
Private contracting of government function creates
tension between fair government and profit motives
of the publicans
Hail, Caesar Augustus!
The Urban Empire
Urban centers administer and benefit from empire
 Heavy commerce during pax romana
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Also aided by the Romanization of the empire
Eastern side of the empire still has Hellenistic culture
Citizenship extended to non-Italians
 Military
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service = path to citizenship
City centers in the provinces provide some of
the most influential Romans of the first few
centuries C.E.
Roman City Life
Insulae
 Bread & Circuses
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 Coliseum
and arenas
Economy of Scale
 Aqueducts
 Roads
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Christianity
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Yeshua ben Yosef (Joshua/Jesus son of Joseph)
Jewish charismatic preaching in early C.E.
 Crucified by Romans for what others claimed he was
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Jesus taught exclusively to the Jewish pop of
Palestine, and only in the local Aramaic dialect
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The Christian scriptures written in Greek
Preached about the responsibility of rich to the poor
Empowerment of the “meek”
Paul of Tarsus: Jewish Roman citizen
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Calls Jesus “Christos” or “anointed one”
Spreads Christianity throughout Mediterranean
Spread of Christianity
Paul travels, writes letters, preaches
throughout the Mediterranean
 Roman elites see Christianity as exciting,
exotic faith
 Roman government sees Christianity as a
threat to the well-being of the state
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 Persecution
of Christians
 Martyrs
Conversion of Constantine, Edict of Milan
 Theodosius establishes official religion
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The Roman Decline
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Augustus warns against expanding the empire
Emperors continue to expand in Europe & North Africa
 War with the Germanic Tribes & Parthian Empire
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Roman army reorganized to defend, not conquer
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Hadrian’s Wall, forts on the Danube & Rhine rivers
Germanic tribes = ready supply of slaves, wars erupt
Roman cities begin to erect walls
Political instability=military & economic breaks
 Progressively
 Wars
deeper raids by Germanic tribes
drain treasury, coins devalued, rise of barter
 Diocletian’s economic reforms help save economy
Roman Struggles & Change
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Government now seen as oppressive, disloyalty
Emperor Constantine reorganizes the empire
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Byzantium
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Conversion to Christianity, religious tolerance
Transfer of capital from Rome to Greek Byzantium
 Renames city Constantinople, major building projects
Eastern end of empire richer, more educated, more Christian
Constantine appoints new patriarchs of Constantinople
 Constantine affects church doctrine—Council of Nicaea (325 CE)
Many in the country side (pagani) retain old religion
395 CE: Western and Eastern empires formally split
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476 CE: Western Roman Empire collapses
Germanic kingdoms form, Roman cities in ruins, rural population
Eastern Roman Empire changes name to Byzantine Empire
Large Empires of the First Century C.E.
China: Rise of the Qin Dynasty
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230-221 BCE: King Zheng of Qin defeat the Warring States
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Qin administrative system: commanderies & counties
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Han idea of “grand unity” justifies expansion, oppression of rebel states
Qin officials Han Fei & Li Si espouse Legalism
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Commanderies ruled by civilian and military governors
All male citizens register with imperial clerks for conscription and taxes
Establishment of standard weights and measures, coinage minting
Qin emperors expand into Korean peninsula & Vietnam
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King Zheng assumes Zhou Dynasty’s Mandate of Heaven
Declares self Shi Huangdi “First August Emperor” (like Augustus)
Establishes capital in Xianyang
Citizens organized into mutually responsible groups
Free labor preferred over slaves, high tax base = wealth
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Economic regulation, agricultural surplus, high level of regional trade
The Qin Decline
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Nomadic warrior peoples on frontier
Xiongnu people especially troublesome for Qin
 Qin emperors push on, build defensive wall
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Wall allows for the colonization of Inner Eurasian Steppe
Constant warfare burdens Qin tax base
 Dissention among nobles & conscripted workers
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Chief Master Li Si executed, Xiang Yu leads rebellion
Third Qin Emperor surrenders to Han forces
Xiongnu Confederacy reconquers Steppes
Xiang Yu commits suicide, feudal lords war
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Han prince Liu Bang declares himself Han emperor
Rules with Confucian philosophy, moral value
Xiongnu Territory
The Han Dynasty; 206 BCE-220 CE
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Han rulers keep Qin bureaucratic system
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Western/Former Han Dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE)
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Army of 50,000+ crossbow armed soldiers
Territorial expansion, economic prosperity
Dynastic Cycles
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Families compete for power, claim authority of past
dynasties—mandate of heaven
Dynasties rise and fall according to the cycle
Imperial continuity through multiple dynasties until 1911
Han Power
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World’s most centralized bureaucracy
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Regional administrators played active role in local affairs
Removal of princes, management of aristocrats
Governor-Generals appointed during crisis/famine
Bureaucratic schools breed government officials
Imperial University started by Emperor Wu (136 BCE)
 Rational thought brings diagnoses of body function, link
between weather and disease, invention of magnetic
compass, making of paper
 Confucian thought dominates education of the elites
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Balance between emperor’s power and bureaucracy
Honor tradition, emperor’s responsibility, respect history’s lessons
Han Social & Economic Order
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Han unite various groups who once warred
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Allowed former Qin lords to reacquire power
Status of scholars rises in society—masters
 Emperor Wu est. state monopolies to pay for wars
 Minting of standard copper coins, The Silk Road
 Han cities designed in grid, wide avenues
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Palaces become forbidden inner cities
Large building projects aggrandize imperial power
Patriarchal family, women worked/respected
 Public entertainment, gambling, debauchery
 Funerary rites important to rich and poor
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Han Social Structure & Religion
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Free peasantry=base of society
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Farmers honored, merchants controlled
Scholar officials protect moral authority
Top of society=imperial clan and nobles
Merchants begin to espouse Daoist ideas to improve
position
Emperor Wu turns Confucian philosophy into the
state religion, Confucius=divine/demigod
Astronomical omens
Chinese not as religious/otherworldly as Romans
Expanding Han Rule
Creating stability for improving trade
 Standing army of 1,000,000; 10,000 Imperial Guard
 Emperor Wu conquers Korea and Sichuan
 Emperor Wu sends expeditionary forces to battle the
Xiongnu and their horsemen
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Xiongnu tribes split; southern tribes conquered
Northern Xiongnu pushed westward, threaten Rome
(Huns)
Retreat of Nomadic peoples=pax sinica
Declining Han Power
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“China’s Sorrow” natural disaster
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The usurper Wang Mang (9-23 CE)
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Later Han emperors justify anti-reformist rule
Elites reform tax code, benefit
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Economic problems, political instability
Government no longer controls economy
Increased social inequality, rebellion
Confucius replaced by Laozi & Yellow Emperor as
model citizen—rise of Daoism
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The Yellow Turban rebellion
Buddhism arrives—millenarian movement
 Han fall=three competing states (Wei, Shu, Wu)
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