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Rome Test Review Test Format Matching Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Mapping 1. How is Rome’s geography similar to Greece? How is it different? Similarities – Lots of coastline Mountainous Not enough fertile land to support population Differences – The Italian Peninsula is 3 times bigger than Greece. Greece has better harbors Rome is located in a more centralized area 2. Explain how the Tiber River was significant to the development of Rome. Rome was built on the banks of the Tiber river, 24km from the coast. The river was wide enough for boats to travel (good for trade and transportation) Used for sewers and aqueducts 3. Name the three eras of Roman history that we studied. For over 200 years, Rome was a Kingdom (The Etruscans) For about 500 years, Rome was a Republic (Punic Wars, Caesar) For about 500 years, Rome was an Empire (Augustus, Gladiator) 4. Who were the Etruscans? Early settlers in the Italian Pennisula 5. What did the Etruscans have in common with the Greeks? City-states Art Alphabet (similar to the Greek Believed that the Gods controlled man (predestiny) 6. Compare the Etruscan and Roman military. Which was stronger? Why? The Roman Military was no match for Etruscans. Etruscans A) Enforced compulsory military service training. B) Troops organized and experienced. Romans A) Summoned men only when necessary. B) Men had to supply own weapons. C) Only wealthy aristocrats. 7. Who was Tarquin the Proud? The last Etruscan ruler an oppressive king who opposed the wishes of the people and scorned religion. 8. How did the Etruscan rule come to an end? In a popular uprising, the Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud and declared their independence. 9. What are five areas in which the Etruscans influenced Rome? From the Etruscans, the Romans learned: How to use the arch How to build huge aqueducts How to build harbours, urban drainage systems and walled cities. Metal skills. Many of the Etruscans religious beliefs became a part of Roman life. Romans took their alphabet from the Greeks and the Romans changed it to fit their own Latin Language. This alphabet formed the basis of the many written languages, including English, French, Italian and Spanish. By the end of the Etruscans period, the Romans accepted the idea of a compulsory military service and had solidified their views of the government. This paved the way for the Roman Republic. 10. Who were the patricians? Original aristocracy of Rome Had been distinguished citizens who advised Latin kings Played leading role in overthrowing Etruscans Wealth based primarily on ownership of farmland and/or urban real estate 11. Who were the plebeians? Free men who could not trace their ancestry back to advisors of Latin kings Number swollen by immigrants who moved to Rome during Etruscan period Many were well-off and served in the army under Etruscans Etruscans had promoted their interests and protected their civil status 12. Why was there conflict between the patricians and the plebeians? Patricians would not let them share in government Result was long-term power struggle within Rome as patricians attempted to preserve their exalted status and monopoly of political power and plebeians tried to gain a share of power that corresponded to the contribution they made to Rome’s success and prosperity With overthrow of Etruscans the plebeians lost their protector 13. How did Rome make allies of the people it conquered? Following each conquest, Rome made allies of its defeated enemies by adopting a policy of just treatment and leniency. 1) They took only a portion of the conquest lands allowing the conquered people to keep the rest. 2) Conquered peoples kept their own customs, local gov,and laws, although they had to acknowledge Roman leadership. 3)Rome did not take slaves and gave some people citizenship rights. 14. Describe the Roman military during the Republic era. 1)All citizens who owned land ( farmers and nobles) had to undergo training and serve in the military. 2) Introduced a system of pay ( very little) for poorer citizens Soldiers had to feed, clothe, and arm themselves while fighting far from home in long military campaigns. 3) Organized troops into legions of 4000 to 5000 men. Divided into smaller units called COHORTS or COMPANIES. 15. What was the League of Italian Nations? Early in the 5th Century BCE, Rome Established a League of Italian Nations and began to fight for control of the Italian Peninsula. Their first territorial interest was outside of Italy in Africa. This marked the beginning of the Punic Wars. 16. Who was involved in the Punic Wars? Rome versus Carthage 17. Why did the First Punic War start? The purpose of the Punic Wars was Roman territorial expansion (Rome’s first). Rome interested in: The Carthaginian ports (on islands of Sardinia and Sicily (wheat)) The Carthaginian navy posed a threat and hurt Roman trade along the west coast of Italy. Romans wanted to control Mediterranean Sea 18. What was Rome’s weakness during the First Punic War? How did they overcome this? This first “Punic” War was a naval war. Early on, Rome had no experience in naval warfare and struggled on the sea. But, Rome redesigned its’ fleet with the ships being able to hook on the side of the enemy boats allowing the troops to fight on the enemy’s deck. Carthage surrendered Sicily, and Rome replaced Carthage as the major power in the Mediterranean. Rome's victory was mostly due to its persistent refusal to admit defeat or accept anything but total victory. 19. Who was Hannibal? Hannibal, commander of Carthage’s army in Spain. According to legend, Hannibal swore that he would remain an enemy of Rome for life. 20. How was Hannibal’s attack on Rome unexpected? Hannibal attacked from the north (completely unexpected) as the Romans considered the towering Alps as a natural defence barrier. 21. What was the result of the Second Punic War? Carthage forced to pay a huge fine and surrender its empire. The Second Punic war is the turning point in Roman history as Rome is forced to adjust to another increase in its empire size (Spain, France, Africa). Hannibal becomes a mythical legend and Italy must rebuild after 16 years of bitter fighting. 22. What happened in the Third Punic War? Carthage violated the peace treaty by building up its military strength once again. Rome feared yet another ‘Hannibal’ Rome decided the city must be destroyed in order to end the many years of War. Romans plundered, burned and ploughed the city of Carthage. All people who were not killed were sold into slavery. North Africa was now a province of Rome. 23. What are three results of the Punic Wars? Rome had conquered Carthage’s entire empire becoming the most powerful state of the Mediterranean (expanding into Greece, Egypt and Asia Minor. Rome still hurting from 100 years of war is now forced to rule a bigger empire. The strains of ruling such a large area would eventually be the downfall of Rome. Roman countryside was destroyed due to century of warfare. 24. Why did the Republic start to decline? The success of the republic coincided with the beginning of its decline. As Roman territories grew, unrest in Rome grew. 25. What was the Roman mob? As territory grew supply of grain also grew creating a surplus on the home market, forcing the price down. Small farmers received so little for their crops that many went into debt and had to sell their lands to the Patricians (the elites in Rome) and merchants grew richer on the booty from the wars and profits made in trade. The poor moved into Rome looking for help. Lived in overcrowded buildings (firetraps) where disease was a constant concern. Control over the army (to control the masses) became the key to success. 26. How was the army reformed towards the end of the Republic? Soldiers no longer had to own land Army full-time professional force Service lengths were for a term of 16 to 20 years. Many of them were landless poor and they wanted a share in the military booty and a piece of land when they retired. 27. What were the three keys to ruling Rome? Three steps to Ruling Rome. Future leaders would: Gain command of a professional army Use army, for Rome’s sake, to gain booty for themselves and their soldiers, thus winning the army’s undying loyalty Used army to march into Rome and seize power. 28. Who was Julius Caesar? Caesar led his army to glory, conquering Gaul and raiding Britain. His military success made him a hero and he used the opportunity to sieze power. 29. What is a triumvirate? At first Caesar ruled with two other generals, Crassus and Pompey. They completely disregarded the principles of the Republic and formed a powerful TRIUMVIRATE or rule of three men. 30. What reforms did Julius Caesar make? Made many reforms to strengthen Rome and protect himself Gave people in the provinces the right to become citizens (ensuring loyalty to Rome). Expanded the Republic’s territory in North Africa, France, Greece and Spain. Sent unemployed Romans to settle in these areas. Increased pay of soldiers, securing their alliances as well. The end of Caesar Senate feared Caesar’s power and his ideas (declared himself First Citizen (or ruler of Rome)). This fear led to a conspiracy, led by Brutus and Cassius to murder Caesar and save The Republic. Caesar stabbed to death. 31. Who was Augustus? Caesar supporters avenged his murder by killing more than 2,000 people. The ruler AUGUSTUS emerged and HIS RULED MARKED THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE. What reforms did he make? Introduced a number of key politcal and social reforms. Est. a unit called the PRAETORIAN GUARD (9 cohorts of 500 men each) which acted as body guard for him and his family Shared control over the provinces with the Senate.. he would control newer territories where the army would still be located thus keeping control over the army. Create buffer territories where kings would keep their thrones as long as they maintained the peace and prevented any foreign armies from invading Roman territory Continued Caesar’s policy of granting citizenship to people in the provinces More equal tax system Wanted to go back to traditional values of Roman Republic, encouraging devotion to family and religious duties. 32. Who were the five good emperors? How were they chosen? Each Emperor was to select a younger, capable colleague to train as a “caesar” or successor. High point in imperial Rome. ALL KEPT THE SENATE INFORMED, CONSULTED WITH IT AND SUBMITTED LEGISLATION FOR ITS APPROVAL. The efforts of the FIVE GOOD EMPERORS resulted in almost a century of stability Taxes kept low and provided work. During the Roman Peace the civlization developed and flourished. Hundreds of cities were built thru the territories, linked by a network of paved roads while Latin became the common language throughout the empire (French, English, Italian, Portuguese and Romainian) 33. How did the Roman Empire fall? Began in the 2nd century CE when enemies to the north and east began crossing the boundaries and plundering Roamn territory. The empire was so big that even the many roman legions could not hold back that threatened several different border regions at one time. By 300 CE many areas like Gaul and Britain were revolting Diocletian decided to make co-emperors. Himself (to rule the eastern provinces from the city of Nicomedia in Asia Minor) and Maximian to rule the western half from the city of milan in Italy. Rome no longer either the capital of the empire or the centre of power. The roman senate no more than a city council. Constant attacks from Barbarians (Germanic tribes from the west and Huns from the east) eroded away at the power base of the empire until the Germanic peoples finally conquered Rome (Rome has “fallen”) in 476 CE