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Transcript
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 4.2 Classical Civilization: Rome World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rome and Western Culture • Classical Greek and Roman culture set the foundation for western civilization • Roman culture would adopt and diffuse Greek (and thus indirectly middle eastern) cultures and traditions beyond the Mediterranean basin… Mare Nostrum • The impact of Roman culture is most pronounced in Northern and Western Europe- and areas where these cultures spread World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Where we find Rome • The Roman Alphabet is used in cultures around the world • The Latin language is the parent language of several contemporary languages and has had a significant impact on others – Adopted as the language of law science and Catholic Church • • • • Roman law is the basis of legal systems throughout Europe Roman civil engineering model for later civilizations Concept of the republic and representatives Roman government created the structure that permitted the early spread of Christianity • Preserving some of the heritage of ancient Hellenic Greece • Graeco-Roman values in art and architecture would inspire a Renaissance a millennium later World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rome: From a Village to an Empire • We can learn much about a culture by how they frame their understanding of their history – Romans saw their austere and virtuous ancestors bravely fighting tyrannical neighbors to protect their households… Conquests lead to an accumulation of Empire- Began with refugees from ancient Troy- story of Aeneus – Archeological evidence finds settlements along Tiber River in Central Italy by indo-European Latins by 800 BCE – Roman calendar dated from 753 BC (Romulus and Remus) AUD (Anno Urbis Dedicorum) – This founding myth was key to Roman Identity • Rome was the main Latin city- republic established in 509 BCE World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A Growing Republic (509-146 BCE): Rome Was not Built in a Day • The Roman Republic was not a democracy but had many of the civic features of modern democratic republics • Efficient military organization and diplomacy would expand Roman territories- cities without walls… • Series of three wars with Mediterranean rival Carthage in Punic Wars 264-146 BCE) • By 146 BC, the city of Rome ruled from Spain to Asia Minor • Roman culture would impose itself on top of local culture, especially in cities World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Growth of the Republic World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Growth of the Roman Empire World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bigger Republic, Bigger Problems • By 146 BCE, the Roman Senate was governing an empire with a government made to rule a city. • Conquest generated growing wealth among a small group of people • Growing number of poor flock to Rome – Population nearly 1 million at time of Caesar – Population grows restive… • Generals enjoy growing influence in late Republic (1st century BCE) World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Power of Violence: Cheap Bread and Circus • Violent gladiatorial games go back to early Roman history • Growing reach of empire would expand the size and reach of violent games – Gladiatorial games in amphitheatres Coliseum held nearly 50,000 Most major cities had amphitheatres Chariot racing in hippodromes also popular- Circus Maximus in Rome could hold 200,000 • Government and leaders bid for the support of the crowd by subsidizing bread and putting on big games (Cheap Bread and Circus) World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Amphitheatres: Rome and Epheses World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Hiding an Empire in the Republic • The Republic became a military dictatorship under the direction of an Emperor- Augustusfirst emperor • Augustus- grand-nephew of Julius Caesar tried to retain the appearance of republican traditions • Senate became less significant in Empireemperor and army • No clear rule for succession conflict and intrigue… power of imperial guard World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pax Romana • The Roman Empire would thrive under relative peace for a period of 200 years – Some good emperors (and some bad ones too) – Trade networks from Britain to the Middle East – Soldiers serving for 20 years without ever having to fight – Puts a heavy Roman imprint over a significant part of the world • Pastoralist encroach on empire’s boarders and challenge Roman government (more later) • Christianity is persecuted as anti-patriotic and corrupt social force during this time- more later World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Roman Cities • Empire held together by army and civil engineering – Cities supported by advanced infrastructure Aqueducts, roads, public baths, basilicas, theatres etc… – Many features of modern cities come from Rome – Many of Europe’s most important cities grew out of Roman colonies- • Peace trade and infrastructure supported urban societies • Epheses Library World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What can you determine about Europe’s history from this graph? World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Weakness in the Empire • Historians have argued that the seeds of Rome’s decline were built within the empire – Over-dependence on slavery hurts economic innovation and leaves too many out of work or disinterested in supporting state – Focus on expansion as a producer of wealth – Over-extended borders- hard to defend Dependence on non-Romans to defend • We will look at the decline of Roman government later World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Rome’s Legacy Made Large • The Christian Effect – Many cultural and political features preserved in western Christianity- diffused world-wide • The Renaissance Launch – The “rediscovery” of the accomplishments of Greece and Rome ignites the intellectual and artistic world of Europe by the 14th Century following the “Middle Ages”- at the eve of Europe’s global launch • The romanticizing of western classical history since the early modern period- key to the western cultural identity World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
