Download ROMAN REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

ROMAN REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
509 B.C.E. -27 B.C.E.
REPUBLIC
• 27 B.C.E.TO 476. C.E.
EMPIRE
SPQR
• SENATUS
• POPULUSQUE
• ROMANUS
• SENATE AND THE ROMAN PEOPLE
REPUBLIC COLLAPSES
1. AFTER PUNIC WARS ROME EXPERIENCES
WEALTH AND POWER FOR CERTAIN CITIZENS
2. NOBLES CHEAPLY AQUIRE HUGE AMOUNTS
OF LAND
3. MERCHANTS PROSPER BY SUPPLYING THE
ARMY , SLAVES AND TRADE WITH PROVINCES
4. SMALL FARMERS CAN’T COMPETE WITH
CHEAP GRAIN
WORKERS LOSE JOBS TO SLAVES
5. TO GAIN SUPPORT OF POOR GOV’T OFFICALS
PROMISE FREE BREAD AND CIRCUSES
( ENTERTAINMENT)
TWO BROTHERS, TRIBUNES, WANTED TO HELP THE POOR. THEY
WANTED TO LIMIT THE SIZE OF ESTATES AND GIVE LAND TO THE
POOR. THEY BOTH MET VIOLENT DEATHS.
CONQUESTS CHANGE THE ARMY
THE SMALL FARMER HAD BEEN
THE CITIZEN SOLDIER THE
BACKBONE OF THE ARMY.
AS HE DISAPPEARED THE
NATURE OF THE ARMY
CHANGED- PROFESSIONAL
SOLDIERS LOYAL TO THEIR
GENERALS NOT THE REPUBLIC .
CIVIL WARS BEGIN BETWEEN
GENERALS FOR CONTROL OF
ROME.
PROFESSIONAL
SOLDIERS
CITIZEN
SOLDIERS
FIRST TRIUMVERATE
POMPEY, CRASSUS, CAESAR
IN 60 B.C. THESE 3 MEN RULE
ROME AS CONSULS for 1 YEARNOT AGAIN FOR 10 YEARS
CAESAR THAN IS GOVENOR OF
GAUL WHERE HE GAINS FAME
CONQUERING THE GAULS IN
THE GALLIC WAR
IN 49B.C.HE DEFIES THE SENATE
COMES BACK TO ROME AND
CROSSES THE RUBICON
( DIE IS CAST) AND A CIVIL WAR
ENSUES BETWEEN ROME LED BY
POMPEY AND CAESAR.
CAESAR IS VICTORIOUS
CAESAR LEADS ROME
CAESAR IS APPOINTED DICTATOR
FOR LIFE.
HE WINS PEOPLE’S SUPPORT BY
HIS MANY REFORMS.
SENATORS FEAR HE IS TOO
POWERFUL AND KILL HIM ON
MARCH 15 44 B.C.
IDES OF MARCH
DEATH OF CAESAR LED BY CASSIUS AND BRUTUS
The Second Triumvirate
43 B.C.E TO 33 B.C.E
 Octavian
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
• They take control of Rome and rule for ten
years- 43 B.C.E to 33 B.C.E and crush Julius
Caesar’s assassins- Brutus and Cassius!
• Jealousy takes over- Lepidus is forced out
to retire.
• Marc Antony falls for Cleopatra of Egypt and
divorces Octavian’s sister! Rivalry begins. Civil
war erupts with Octavian as victor! He defeats
Marc at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E
ROMAN EMPIRE
BEGINS
27 B.C.E TO 476 C.E.
Octavian /Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
RULE OF CAESAR AUGUSTUS /OCTAVIAN
27 B.C.E TO 14 C.E.
• UNDER AUGUSTUS ROME BECAME AN EMPIRE –REPUBLIC
ENDS! SENATE GIVES HIM THE NAME OF “IMPERATOR”
• THIS STARTS TIME OF PAX ROMANA TO 180 C.E.
• TIME OF PEACE AND PROSPERITY!
HE SPONSERS MANY REFORMS TO STRENGTHEN THE
EMPIRE. BOASTS MADE ROME FROM BRICKS TO MARBLE!
1. REORGANIZES ARMY INTO HIGHLY DISCIPLINED
PROFESSIONAL BODY LOYAL TO EMPEROR
2. PAID GOVERNORS OF PROVINCES
3. ENCOURAGED FORMER SOLDIERS TO SETTLE IN PROVINCES
4. CONTINUED TO GRANT CITIZENSHIP TO PROVINCES
5. EFFICIENT CIVIL SERVICE – TALENT NOT SOCIAL CLASS
DETERMINED JOBS
6. CENSUS INITIATED FOR FAIR TAXING
7. DEVELOPED TRADE AND INDUSTRY AND BUILDING
8. ENCOURAGED SCIENCE, ART AND LITERATURE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 C.E.
SUCCESSORS TO AUGUSTUS
• 1ST FOUR EMPERORS WHO FOLLOWED AUGUSTUS
MEMBERS OF FAMILY!
• MAJOR PROBLEM NO RULES OF SUCCESSION!
GOOD AND THE BAD!!!
THE BAD !
• Gaius ( Caligula) 37-41 C.E
CRAZY, CLAIMED TO BE A GOD
AND MAKES HORSE A CONSUL.
MARRIES THAN MURDERS SISTER
• CLAUDIUS 41-54 C.E.
- ROME CONQUERS S. BRITAIN
- CONSDERED STUPID AND
PRAETORIAN GUARD APPOINTS HIM
• NERO 54-68 C.E.
- KILLED OPPOSITION
- BLAMED THE CHRISTIANS
FOR BURNING ROME , MANY
THOUGHT HE DID!
THE GOOD!
•
TIBERIUS CAESAR-14-37 C.E.
- DURING TIME OF ADULT JESUS
•
VESPASIAN 69-79 C.E.
- BUILT COLOSSEUM, DESTROYED
JERUSALEM, EXPELLED JEWS
•
TRAJAN 98-117 C.E
- EXPANDED EMPIRE TO
GREATEST EXTENT
•
HADRIAN 117-138 C.E.
BUILT WALLS IN NORTHERN
BRITAIN
•
MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 C.E.
DEATH MARKED END OF PAX
ROMANA
THE PAX ROMANA
THE GOOD!
•
•
•
•
•
ROME KNOWN AS “ETERNAL CITY!”
ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME
GROWTH OF CITIES WITHIN EMPIRE
GROWTH OF TRADE
BUILDING PROJECTS :
COLOSSEUM (80), PANTHEON (117)
AQUADUCTS
• ROMAN IDEAS OF LAW ESTABLISHED
• GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE SPREADS
ALL ROADS LEAD TO ROME!
TRADE ROUTES
ROME’S IMPORTS
PAX ROMANA
THE BAD !
• SHARP DIVISIONS EMERGE BETWEEN THE
RICH AND POOR
• STRONG SLAVE TRADE =UNEMPLOYMENT
= THE DOLE
• TRADE IMBALANCE
• INFLATION
• WEAK RULERS , NO RULES OF SUCCESSION
• BARBARIC ENTERTAINMENT= LOW
MORALS
• UNREST IN THE PROVINCES
• AFTER 180 C.E. ROME IS ON A DECLINE
FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
• DURING THE CENTURIES THAT CHRISTIANITY
WAS STRUGGLING TO SURVIVE AND SUCCEEDING
• THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS DECLINING!
PAX ROMANA ENDS!
• AFTER THE DEATH OF MARCUS AURELIUS IN 180
C.E. :
ROME IS PLUNGED INTO CIVIL WARS AND CHAOS
NO EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SUCCESSION
GENERALS COMPETED FOR THE THRONE
BETWEEN 234 AND 284 C. E. ABOUT 26 EMPERORS
RULED. ALL BUT ONE MET VIOLENT DEATHS AT
THE HANDS OF THE MILITARY!
CAUSES OF THE FALL OF ROME
POLITICAL CAUSES
• THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT WAS INEFFICIENT AND
CORRUPT PEOPLE NOT LOYAL!
• VAST EMPIRE COULD NOT BE GOVERNED EFFICIENTLY
• RIVALRY TO SUCCESSION OF THE THRONE LED
TO DESTRUCTIVE CIVIL WARS
•
284 C.E. EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN DIVIDES THE
EMPIRE INTO ½ AND TOOK CONTROL OF THE WEALTHIER
EASTERN HALF. HE APPOINTED A CO-EMPEROR IN THE
WEST.
• WEAK LEADERS IN WEST AND CORRUPTION
Diocletian Splits the Empire
in Two: 284 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
CONSTANTINE
• AFTER DIOCLETIAN RETIRES – POWER STRUGGLE AND
CONSTANTINE TAKES OVER IN 312 C.E.
• REUNITES EAST AND WEST , BUT MOVES THE CAPITAL TO
THE EAST- BYZANTIUM AND RENAMES IT –
CONSTANTINOPLE – SHOWS DECLINING INFLUENCE OF
ROME
• BELIEVES ROME SYMBOLIZED PAGANISM AND WANTED
CLOSER CAPITAL TO TRADING CENTERS OF THE EAST.
• AFTER HIS DEATH IN 337 EMPIRE IS AGAIN DIVIDED. THE
EAST FLOURISHES THE WEST IS UNDER PRESSURE OF
INVADERS!
Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome”
(Founded in 330)
ECONOMIC CAUSES
• GOVERNING REQUIRED HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY. THIS MONEY
CAME FROM THE EAST.
THE DIVISION DEPRIVED ROME OF REVENUE.
• ARMIES NO LONGER BROUGHT IN NEW TRIBUTE
• CIVIL WARS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS HURT TRADE AND
AGRICULTURE = LESS TAX $$$$$
• EFFORTS TO INCREASE $$$ SUPPLY CAUSE DEVALUATION OF
MONEY AND INFLATION
• CITIES HAD HIGH TAXES AND UNEMPLOYMENT – LESS PROSPERITY
• POOR HARVESTS
SOCIAL CAUSES
• DUE TO SLAVERY WEALTHY ROMANS BECAME INTERESTED
IN ONLY WEALTH AND LUXURY
• EARLY ROMAN IDEALS OF PATRIOTISM, SERVICE AND
MORALITY DISAPPEARED WITH THE NEW LIFESTYLES.
• HUGE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR
• DECLINE IN POPULATION DUE TO DISEASE THAT SWEPT
THE EMPIRE IN THE 300S.
• NO LONGER HAD A STAKE IN ROME AND DID NOT CARE
WHETHER EMPEROR WAS ROMAN OR GERMANIC .
MILITARY CAUSES
• CITIZENS EVADED MILITARY SERVICE SOLDIERS
HAD TO BE RECRUITED FROM PEOPLE WHO HAD
LITTLE LOYALTY TO ROME- MERCENARIES IN
MANY CASES.
• MILITARY BUDGET LIMITED
• LACK OF LOYALTY AND TRAINING OF SOLDIERS
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
CRUMBLES
• SINCE THE TIME OF JULIUS CAESAR GERMANIC
TRIBES LIVED IN AND NEAR ROMAN
BOUNDARIES. THEY WERE KEPT CONTAINED BY
ROMAN TROOPS
• IN 452 C.E. THE HUNS , ( MONGOL TRIBE )
SWOOPED INTO THE AREA NORTH OF THE
ROMAN AREA AND THE GERMANIC TRIBES
FLOCKED SOUTHWARD TO AVOID THE HUNS.
THERE WERE 100.000 OF THE HUNS! THEY DID NOT
CONQUER ROME .
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
FALL OF ROME
• GERMANIC TRIBES CONTINUE TO INVADE EVEN AFTER THE
HUNS AND THE WEAK ROMAN GOV’T
CANNOT STOP THEM .
• THE VISIGOTHS GO TO SPAIN,OSTROGOTHS TO ITALY ,
VANDALS TO NORTH AFRICA, FRANKS IN GAUL AND
ANGLOS AND SAXONS IN BRITAIN.
• IN 476 C.E. A GERMANIC CHIEF FORCES THE ROMAN
EMPEROR TO GIVE UP THRONE.
THIS IS ESSENTIALLY THE :
“ FALL OF ROME”
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
THE END!!!!!