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ROME Geography of Rome • What is the key to Rome success? – LOCATION, LOCATION LOCATION • • • • All Roads lead to Rome Middle of the Med. Sea Middle of Italy Middle of Europe Roman Geography • Rome is centered along the Tiber River • Why is this important? • Why are the Alps to the North Important? • Rome has a flat coastal plain that allows for great food production and increased population. Imperial Roman Road System Mythical Romans • Who were the early founders? – Romulus and Remus • The two twin brothers were abandoned at childhood in the Tiber River to save their lives. They are raised by a she wolf. The brothers conquer the area that will become Rome and build the first city. Romulus will kill Remus and the course of Roman history begins Early Romans • The Latins – They wander across the Alps in 1000BC and settle in an area of Latium they were simple Shepards – Why are they important? • Greeks – The Greeks introduce their culture between 750-600 BC. Caused by colonies for trade. – Why will this be important? Early Romans – The Etruscans • Invaders of Rome between 1200-800 BC. They introduce a civilized culture to the Latins. Introduce a writing system, building methods and a mixed trade economy. They have a harsh rule by their Kings that comes to a head with the rape of a Latin noble woman that results in a rebellion that led to a revolt? • Why is this important? Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) Dictators Senators Tribunes Consuls Quaestors Preators/censors Assembly of Centuries Assembly of Tribes The Class struggle of Rome • Patricians – Wealth land owning city dwellers of Rome – They hold most of the economic power and political power – The dominate the Senate and key offices of Rome including the officer positions of Rome – Only a small percentage of the Population • Plebeians • Largest population of Rome • Limited land ownership • Limited political and economic power • Limited power to reform or serve in the military The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Punic Wars • Rome and Carthage were competing for trade. • The two cities fight three wars. • 264-146 B.C. – Rome eventually wins – Carthage is destroyed – Rome gains territory (Africa, Spain, Romania). • Hannibal of Carthage – Crosses Alps with Elephants – Unable to attack city of Rome. After the Wars • Soldiers return home to find destroyed land. • They sell land, move to cities. • With no land, they can’t be in the army. • Ex-soldiers become poor, jobless. • Roman currency loses value, and inflation occurs. • Land bought by wealthy who create large estates (Latifundia). – Conquered people were made slaves to work on these farms. How will this conflict cause political change? How can this be seen in our society today? Problems • Plebeians lack political power and rights – Limited voting rights (lack of land ownership) • • • • • Decline of landed farmers Unemployment Expansion Standing armies Political corruption Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Rise of Caesar • Caesar forms an alliance with two popular generals: Pompey & Crassus. • The three make Caesar governor of Gaul. • He conquers all of Gaul, gains loyal army. • Caesar’s conquests make him famous. • Crassus dies in a battle. • Pompey is jealous, becomes sole Consul. • Pompey has Senate order Caesar to return to Rome without his army. Crossing the Rubicon… • Caesar refuses to give up his army. • Senate will declare Caesar a rebel if he crosses the Rubicon River and into Italy with an army. • Caesar crosses the river. • This starts a Civil War. • Pompey retreats to Greece. • Caesar takes control of Rome. • He then defeats Pompey in Greece. • He makes Cleopatra queen of Egypt because she is an ally of Rome. Caesar in Power • Caesar is made dictator for life. • He takes all real power away from the Senate. • He refused the title of “King”, even though its what he really was. • He grants citizenship to the provinces. • He gives poor people grain and food. • He starts an accurate calendar that is used until 1582 AD. (Julian calendar, 365 ¼ days). • The month of July is named after him. Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Caesar Augustus • Beginning the Empire – Augustinian Code • Roman Law was rewritten and solidified • Basis of western laws today • Equity – Honest government – Added to the road system • 53,000 miles of paved roads – Postal system and other city infrastructure – Standard currency system – Improved harbors Caesar Augustus • Military – Reduced the size but created a permanent army – Territorial expansion • Purpose: to consolidate boundaries, ensure peace • • • • • Generalship given to loyalists—Agrippa and Tiberius German defeat/consolidation (Herman the German) Central Europe and the Balkans expansion Spain consolidation Africa, annexation of Egypt – Pax Romana • 60 million people in peace for more than 400 years Julio-Claudians • Emperors who succeeded Caesar for 50 years • Tiberius – Ruled well if somewhat ineffective – Retired due to opposition • Caligula – Insane – Killed by troops • Claudius – Good administrator – Uncomfortable around people (lame and stuttered) • Nero – – – – – Mother killed Claudius for Nero Nero killed his mother Seneca and Burrus (advisors, died from Nero pressure) Revolt and burning of the city Committed suicide Third Century Disaster • Near collapse of the empire – Military-oriented emperors – Threat from consolidated Germans – 24 emperors and 24 claimants/usurpers • 45 killed by assassination (usually by their own troops) • 1 died in battle • 1 died in captivity • 1 died of plague – Name of a Caesar reflects selfimportance Julio-Claudians • Four Claimants (69 AD) – Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian • All generals • Vespasian defeated the others and became emperor • Vespasian founded the Flavian Dynasty • Turned into monarchy Flavians • 69-96 AD • Vespasian, Titus, Domitian – Reasonably good administrators – First non-Patrician Caesar • Suppression of the Jewish revolt – Destruction of Jerusalem – Masada – Timing—70 AD Age of the Adoptive Emperors • 96-193 AD • The Golden Age of Rome • 5 good and 1 bad emperor – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pous, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus – None were power hungry except Commodus • Façade of constitutionality • Hadrian separated the civil services from the army – Army changed from greater mobility to maintenance The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Against this background, a spiritual leader named Jesus of Nazareth emerged, teaching people to prepare for God’s Judgment Day. Life Preaching • Nearly all knowledge of Jesus comes from Gospels—first four books of New Testament • Jesus preached message of renewal and warning • New Testament and books of Hebrew Bible make up today’s Christian Bible • Created excitement by performing miracles of healing; defending poor, oppressed • Jesus born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem • Instructed people to repent of sins, seek God’s forgiveness • Learned carpentry, studied writings of Jewish prophets • Must love God above all, love others as much as self • Gathered group of disciples The Spread of Christianity After Jesus’s death, his disciples began teaching that all people could achieve salvation—the forgiveness of sins and the promise of everlasting life. Apostles • Jesus’s 12 disciples worked to spread message • Earliest Christian missionaries • Apostles traveled widely, teaching mostly in Jewish communities Paul of Tarsus Conversion • Paul, originally known as Saul, born in Tarsus, in Asia Minor • Paul had conversion on way to Damascus, became Christian • Had actively opposed those teaching that Jesus was the Messiah • If not for his work, Christianity might have remained a branch of Judaism Results Persecution • As Christianity spread through Roman world, some local officials feared Christians conspiring against them; arrested, killed many Christians • Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs, people who die for their faith Threat • Christians persecuted at local level, but large-scale persecution rare during first two centuries after Jesus’s life • Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers saw Christianity as threat Imperial Approval • Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of emperor Constantine • AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal within empire, Edict of Milan • By late 300s, polytheism gradually disappeared from empire The Spread of Christianity Expansion of the Church By about 100, priests who were trained in these ceremonies became prominent within Christianity. The authority of the priests was based on the authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual authority distinguished the priests from the general congregation of the church. Administrative Structure • Church expanded, developed administrative structure • Bishop oversaw church affairs, had authority over other priests • 300s, heads of oldest congregations, patriarchs, had authority over other bishops Peter the Apostle • Many believed Peter founded Roman Church, was first bishop • Later bishops of Rome, popes, Peter’s spiritual heirs • Gospel of Matthew: Jesus gives Peter keys to kingdom of heaven • Therefore future popes inherit keys Patriarchs did not recognize the popes’ supremacy claims at first, but over time popes gained more influence within the Christian Church. Diocletian • 284-305 AD • Ruled by decree – Stabilized the empire – Strong general with army support – Imposed will on governmental agencies – Unity • Worship of emperor as a mark of loyalty • Persecution of the Christians – About non-participation and separateness – Not about beliefs Diocletian • Divided the empire for better administration – Tetrarchy (2 Augusti, 2 Caesars) – Diocletian retired, forced Maximiam to retire – Chaos followed Constantine • 306-337 AD • Constantine’s father succeeded Maximian as Augustus • Succeeded his father as Caesar • Became 1 of 7 claimants for control • Fought wars to decide emperor – Vision of a burning Christian symbol (chirho) – United the troops and gave them courage that "a god" wanted them to win (most were pagans and accepted the protection of any god) Constantine • Constantinople – Built on Byzantium site • Acceptance of Christianity – Edict of Milan • Eliminated religious contention • Supported Christian religions – St. Helena, churches • Supported pagan religions – Coins, inscriptions, built temples – Nicaean council (325 AD) • Sought to unify doctrine • Used imperial troops to suppress dissent among Christians (Donatists) • Conversion or unity? Post-Constantine Period • Theodocius I – Strongest post-Constantine emperor – Instituted Christianity as state religion – Goths joined army to fight against Huns – Revolt in Thessalonica (7000 killed) • This was the first confrontation between the church and the state • Theodocius I forced to beg forgiveness (St. Ambrose) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Post-Constantine Period • Huns – Central base in Hungary – Warriors feared by Romans and Germans – Attila—last leader • Invaded Gaul – Defeated in 451 AD by a combined army – Moved into Italy and defeated again – Withdrew to Hungary Post-Constantine Period • Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban) – Settled in Roman territory after pressure from the Huns – Goths split into two groups • Ostrogoths—eastern Europe • Visigoths—moved to Dacia (Romania) – Allowed to live on Roman land • Barbarians compatible with Romans • Visigoths revolted after unfair taxing • Theodosius the Great bought off the Visigoths Fall of the Roman Empire • • • • • West had longer barbarian frontier Persians civilized and signed treaties East had money to pay off invaders Eastern boundaries easier to defend Constantinople a fortress city The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch