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The Gracchus Brothers
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt reform.
 Tiberius (133 B.C.E.) limited the amount of public land
senators could use & moved landless citizens to
countryside.
 123 B.C.E.-Gaius elected tribune. He tried to increase
the power of the Assembly of Tribes and he used
public funds to buy grain for the poor.
Marius and Sulla
 Gaius Marius was a military hero who also attempted
reform.
 He traded a professional army for a draftee army.
 Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a consul who showed what
ambitious generals could do.
 He kicked Marius out of power which led to civil war.
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar, a nephew of Marius, was gaining
popularity during this period.
 He realized that he had gained enemies in the Senate
and teamed up with the generals Pompey and Crassus
in 60 B.C.E.
 They would be known as the first triumvirate and
Caesar would become consul in 59 B.C.E.
Julius Caesar
Crassus
Pompey
Caesar in Power
 Caesar as proconsul (Roman governor) of Gaul.
 Pompey persuaded the Senate to order Caesar home
without his army in 49 B.C.E. [Caesar refused]
 Pompey and followers fled and Caesar assumed
control
 What did he do next?
 Named dictator in 46 B.C.E. and dictator for life in 44
B.C.E. just before he was assassinated.
The Second Triumvirate
 Caesar named his grand-nephew, Octavian, as his heir
but there was a scramble for power.
 Marc Anthony and Lepidus took control with Octavian
and formed the second triumvirate in 43 B.C.E.
 Marc Anthony would fell in love with Cleopatra and go
to Egypt while Octavian would force Lepidus to retire.
Octavian
Marc Anthony
Lepidus
Octavian: the First Augustus
 Anthony and Octavian divided the Empire but in time
Octavian would persuade the Senate to declare war on
Anthony and Cleopatra. Octavian defeated their forces
in 31 B.C.E.
 Octavian wanted to avoid Caesar’s fate, so he was very
careful with the Senate.
 The Senate appointed him sole ruler, but he carefully
preserved the outward appearance of the Republic.
 Octavian is generally referred to as the first Roman
emperor even though he never used the title.
 Under his rule Rome’s territory stretched from Spain
in the west to Syria in the east and from the Rhine and
Danube rivers in the north to Egypt and the Sahara in
the south.
The Julian Emperors
 Tiberius (14 C.E.-37 C.E.) was the adopted son of
Augustus and was an adequate ruler.
 His successor, Caligula, was murdered while Claudius
was an intelligent man who administered the Empire
well.
 Nero (54 C.E.-68 C.E.) was hated because of his cruel
and unpredictable policies and would commit suicide.
Tiberius
Claudius
Caligula
Nero
The Good Emperors
 A number of emperors supported by the army would
rule before Nerva came to power.
 Trajan (98-117) would extend Rome to its greatest size.
 Hadrian supported the arts and proved to be an able
ruler.
 The reign of Antoninus Pius was uneventful.
 Marcus Aurelius, the last good emperor, reigned from
161-180.
Nerva
Trajan
Antoninus
Pius
Hadrian
Marcus
Aurelius