Download World History

World History
Historical
Terms
• BC =“Before Christ” before the
birth of Jesus Christ the founder
of Christianity. BC dates get
smaller as time passes• BCE= Another way for BC, means
beyond the common era.
• AD= Anno Domini. AD dates get
larger as time passes.
• CE=Like AD, it stands for
common era.
• BCE and CE are used to avoid
Christian references.
What is History?
• History= The Study of the Past.
• Historians=People who study history.
– Historians want to know who did what and to
whom!
– They are interested in the way people lived,
worked, fought and worshipped
– Use mostly written work (5000 years) like record
books, poems, speeches, letters, battle plans,etc.
What are
Historical
Sources?
• Primary Source=an account
of the event by someone
who was there! We get
their words from official
records, diaries, letters, etc.
• Secondary
source=information
gathered by someone not
there. We get their words
from textbooks and
encyclopedias.
How does digging
help historians?
• Archaeology=the study
of the past based on
materials that people
have left behind.
– Archeologists explore
places where people
once lived, hunted, or
fought, etc.
– They find clues from
evidence recovered.
– Recoveries can be of
great value
Fossils
and Artifacts
Both can be
very valuable!
• Fossils=a part or imprint of
something once alive.
Bones and footprints
preserved in rock are
examples.
• Artifacts=objects created
and used by humans like
arrowheads, coins, tools,
toys, jewelry and pottery.
Examples of Fossils
Artifact Examples
Ancient Persian
Artifact 900-1200
A.D.
Syrian Pottery
9th century B.C.
Iroquois Indian
Arrowheads
Other
Sources
of clues!
Legends
Stories
Luck
A Society
What is a Society?
• a community of people
who share a common
culture. They share things
like religion, political
views, interests,
traditions, beliefs,
activities, and
professions.
• Community=A group of
individuals living
together with common
interests and goals.
• Gathering
clues gives
historians
information
about past
societies.
• Culture=A culture is a way of
life of a group of people--the
behaviors, beliefs, values, and
symbols that they accept, and
are passed on from one
generation to the next.
• Society=a community of
people who share a common
culture.
• Social Structure=the way a
society is organized. Families
are an important part of a
culture’s social structure.
• What has been found.
• Actual items that were
made and traded.
• Ex. Centuries ago people
used a rock called
Obsidian for making
weapons. Archeologists
have found Obsidian
weapons hundreds of
Obsidian rock miles away from the
Used for
tools/weapons stone’s sources. This
means they sold or
traded the rock to others.
• What has been found
• Ancient Languages.
Some languages are
difficult to decipher.
Did you know the Rosetta Stone was created in Ancient
Egypt. It shows the same message in Greek and two
types of Egyptian writing. Scholars that could read
Greek could read Egyptian because of this.
Discovered cave drawings
can tell us a great deal
about a society.
• What was found?
• Art. Art can tell us what
a society did, what they
believed in and what
technology existed.
Did you know that archeologists have found Egyptian tombs full of beautifully
crafted furniture, jewelry, toys and other everyday items? Egyptians believed the
dead would need these things in the afterlife.
• What was found?
• Architecture. Recovered
buildings explain a
societies living
arrangements, religious
beliefs, war protection,
and engineering talents.
Did you know? Early architects built castles with thick walls to protect the royalty
from being attacked, bombed or easily overtaken.
Did you know? Ancient Greek temples were built to show the importance of the
Greek Gods.
• Belief and
Values
• Historians use many sources to
interpret the beliefs and values of a
society.
• Example: Chinese Confucius writings
tell about the importance of family.
• The Babylonian Hammurabi’s Code
explain his belief in justice.
• Ancient Roman speeches display
those who served in the public were
thought highly of.
• Greek Statues (Art) show the value
the Greeks placed on sports and
being physically fit.
• New Discoveries
• New findings help historians
and archeologists reconsider
many aspects of past
societies.
• Example: Historians once believed that
the Mayans of Central America were a
peaceful people who studied the stars
and made maps. Once historians
figured out how to read the Mayan
language they discovered they were
really a warring nation who conquered
many neighbors and participated in a
religion that included cruel, bloody
rituals.
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire
• A quick
review:
• Myth: Twins Romulus and Remus
• Etruscans rule Rome and are
overthrown by Omans. (Rom-Oans
or Romans)
• A government is devised called a
Republic, a government with
elected officials. Roman citizens
vote and participate in government.
• Romans take over Italy, Sicily,
Spain, Parts of Africa, and Gaul.
The Roman Empire
Building
the
Roman
Empire.
• Between 700 BC and 100 AD Rome
grew from a tiny village to a huge city.
• As population grew into millions
territory grew around the
Mediterranean Sea.
Mediterranean Sea
The Roman Empire
• As Rome grew and gained more
territory its government also
changed.
• Rome was first ruled:
– King
– Republic: a gov’t elected by
Rome’s citizens.
– Emperor: One man and his rules!
• Rome’s 1st Emperor
First known
as
Octavian!
• Augustus(the sacred one).
He created many of the
powers other emperors
would enjoy.
• He could:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Declare war
Raise taxes
Punish lawbreakers
Nominate public officials
Lead religious festivals
Influence meeting of the
Senate, those who ruled
Rome.
Augustus helped expand the Roman Empire
• Why was the
Roman Empire
so successful?
The Roman Empire
Every Roman
deserves
food, fun
and fairness
• Augustus cared about well-being of
Romans.
• Augustus wanted justice (fairness) for
all Roman citizens.
• Laws were created, written down and
displayed publically.
• Everyone knew rules so officials had to
treat everyone fairly. (no corruption)
• Conquered people wanted same fair
treatment and became loyal to Rome.
The Roman Empire
• Who were
Roman citizens
and how were
they protected
under Roman
Law?
Roman citizens = adult males, freed
slaves, some males from conquered
nations.
Not women or slaves.
•
•
•
•
•
Citizen rights:
Vote
Hold Public office
Legal contracts
Own Property
Marriage
The Roman Empire
• Duties of
Roman
Citizens.
• Participate in Roman
government by voting and
holding public office.
• Pay taxes
• All adult males must serve
in the army!
• Citizens were Proud to be
Roman and were loyal to the
emperor.
The Roman Empire
• Roman
Accomplishments
• Roman Engineers
• Built durable roads and bridges to
travel on and improved trade.
• Forts for protection
• Aqueducts: human made channels
that carried water from far away
mountains to Rome and other cities.
• So successful other people copied
and still use today!!!(2000 years
later)
Think: AQUACK-DUCK
The Roman Empire
• Architecture:
Romans
loved the
Greek
Columns
• =the art of designing
buildings.
• Roman architects built
large and strong
buildings and beautiful
structures.
• Borrowed Greek ideas
but improved strength
and size.
FYI-The Roman Empire
• A special building: The
Coliseum
• 50,000 Romans could
gather for days and
watch gladiators games
and other public
spectacles. Reenactments of famous
battles, executions,
animal hunts and
classical mythology.
The Roman Empire
• Roman
Artists
• Borrowed from Greeks
• Realistic attributes (so real statues
seemed to come to life)
• Portraits had personality. So much
that technique is still studied.
The Roman Empire
• Roman
Philosophy
• Philosophers, or thinkers, wanted
Romans to live virtuous lives.
• Stoics (philosophers) wanted people
to not focus on material wealth but
civic duty!
The Roman Empire
• Religion
Christianity
• Appeared early AD, based on the
messiah, Jesus.
• Became stronger, and spread.
• Roman officials tried to stop religion,
killing many, but efforts didn’t work.
• 300 AD Roman Emperor became
Christian.
• Christianity became official religion
of Roman Empire.
The Roman Empire
• Christian
Church
• As church grew it’s influence
over Roman government grew.
• A Pope, the bishop of Rome,
helped unify Rome as a single
Christian Society.
• Other religions not welcome!
• Today Vatican City in Rome.
• Diocletian
• Took control late 200 AD.
• Thought Empire was too big to
rule so divided in 2.
• He ruled Eastern half assigned
another for Western half.
Constantine
•
•
•
•
Emperor after Diocletian
Wanted to re-unify 2 halves again
Moved capital to Istanbul (Turkey)
City named Constantinople “City of
Constantine.” Amazing city!
• Power of Rome out of Italy but still
called Roman Empire
• Barbarians
Invade Again…
• Germans from the North began to
raid the Roman Empire.
• Huns from Central Asia began
their attack on Europe and Rome.
• Goths were victims of Huns and
moved to Rome
• Romans fought to keep Goths
out.
• Romans were successful against
Goths in East, West not so lucky.
• 408 AD Roman wealth gone in
410 Rome considered destroyed.
• Other
Invasions
successful
• Gothic victory example to others.
• 400 A.D.’s Vandals invaded Spain
then Roman territory in N.
Africa.
• Angles, Saxons, Jutes invade
Britain. Franks invade Gaul.
• 480 Frankish King Clovis built a
huge Kingdom in Gaul. Clovis
was a Christian.
• Attila the Hun!
• Brilliant and terrifying
military leader.
• Raided Roman land in
East. Including
Constantinople,
Greece, Gaul, and
ports of Italy.
• Did not invade Rome
because of rampant
disease killing
thousands!
List End of Roman Empire
Why did Rome
fall to
Barbarians?
• Attacks too much to withstand.
• Emperors too weak and not
supported by…
The Byzantine Empire
(Eastern Roman Empire)
• Constantinople
or
“City of Constantine”
• Great Roman advances
influenced city.
• In a location of protection
between Black Sea and
Mediterranean Sea.
• Trade easy and profitable with
waterways.
• Grew in wealth and power.
• Christianity main religion.
• Religious leaders:
• East Rome=Emperor head of
church
• West Rome=Pope head of church.
The Byzantine Empire
• Emperor Justinian
527-565 AD
• Emperor of Constantinople
whose greatest desire was to
re-unite Rome.
• Sent powerful army to re-take
Rome.
• His army conquered Italy and
much of Mediterranean.
The Byzantine Empire
Justinian’s rule
• Valued Roman law. Had all laws
updated with Christian laws.
• Organized all laws into a legal
system called Justinian’s Code.
• Wanted fairness for all!
• Wanted government corruption
to end-no paying for leadership
roles. Fair elections with good
people.
• Made many enemies.
The Byzantine Empire
Justinian Rule
Last real ruler
of
Roman Empire
• Enemies made him want to flee
but wife, Theodora, stops him.
• Theodora helped husband rule.
• 565 Justinian death: Decline
began and territory gained lost.
• 1453 Ottoman Turks overtook
Constantinople. 1000 years of
Eastern Roman Empire came to
final end!