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Chapter 12 – The Roman Empire
Section Notes
Video
From Republic to Empire
A Vast Empire
Rome’s Legacy
Ancient Rome and the
World Today
History Close-up
A Chariot Race
The Colosseum
Quick Facts
Chapter 12 Visual Summary
Maps
Expansion of Rome, 100 BCAD 117
Roman Trade Routes,
AD 200
Images
Julius Caesar
Pompeii: A City Preserved
The Roman Arch
From Republic to Empire
6.7.4
The Big Idea
Julius Caesar and Augustus led Rome’s transition from a
republic to an empire.
Main Ideas
• Romans called for change in their government.
• Julius Caesar rose to power and became the sole ruler of
Rome.
• Augustus became Rome’s first emperor after defeating
Caesar’s killers and his own former allies.
Main Idea 1:
The Romans called for change in their
government.
• Many people became
unhappy and were
unemployed when chaos
emerged in Rome’s
government.
• People rioted in the
streets while people from
around the republic
flooded the city.
• An orator and philosopher
named Cicero called for
change but was
unsuccessful.
• He wanted to limit the
power of generals and
restore checks and
balances on government.
Main Idea 2:
Julius Caesar rose to power and became the
sole ruler of Rome.
Caesar, a very
powerful general,
made an
agreement with
Pompey and
Crassus to fight
against the
Senate.
Because Caesar
was so popular,
Pompey became
jealous. This
sparked a war
between them that
ended in Pompey’s
death.
• Caesar was
named dictator
for ten years. He
later demanded
that he be
named dictator
for life.
• A group of
senators led by
Brutus killed
Caesar because
they feared him
becoming king.
Main Idea 3:
Augustus became Rome’s first emperor after
defeating Caesar’s killers and his own former
allies.
Marc Antony and
Augustus avenged
Caesar’s death by
attacking his
killers, eventually
leading to their
death.
Antony returned to
Italy and married
Cleopatra, which
led to a civil war
between him and
Augustus.
Antony and
Cleopatra killed
themselves,
making Augustus
(formerly called
Octavian) the sole
ruler. This marked
the beginning of
the Roman Empire.
A Vast Empire
6.7.3
The Big Idea
After Augustus became emperor, the Roman Empire grew
politically and economically, and life improved for the
Roman people.
Main Ideas
• The Roman Empire expanded to control the entire
Mediterranean world.
• Trade increased in Rome, both within the empire and with
other people.
• The Pax Romana was a period of peace and prosperity in
the cities and the country.
Main Idea 1:
The Roman Empire expanded to control the
entire Mediterranean world
• Rome had many reasons
for expansion.
– It wanted to control
hostile neighbors.
– It wanted more
resources.
– Some emperors liked
fighting.
• By the time of the
emperor Hadrian, Rome
controlled most of the
island of Britain.
• Fearing attacks by
invaders, Hadrian built a
huge wall marking the
border between Roman
and non-Roman territory.
Main Idea 2:
Trade increased in Rome, both within the
empire and with other people.
• People in Rome needed
raw materials that they
couldn’t produce
themselves.
• To pay for their goods,
Romans used currency,
or money, which included
silver and gold coins.
• This led merchants to
Rome’s provinces to
trade.
• Nearly everyone accepted
Roman coins. This helped
trade grow.
Main Idea 3:
The Pax Romana was a period of peace and
prosperity in the cities and the country.
• The first 200 years of the Roman Empire were a time of
peace called the Pax Romana.
• During this time, trade increased and people became
wealthy.
• This positively affected life in the cities and in the country.
Life in the City and in the Country
• Rome was the largest city
in the empire, which led
to difficult and crowded
living conditions.
• Despite this, the city had
many types of
entertainment, such as
plays, chariot races,
fights, and bathhouses.
• More people lived in the
country than in the city.
• In rural areas, people
farmed and grew enough
food for themselves.
• Some city dwellers also
had a large farm, or villa,
outside the city.
Rome’s Legacy
6.7.8
The Big Idea
Many features of Roman culture were copied by later
civilizations and continue to influence our lives today.
•
•
•
•
Main Ideas
The Romans looked for ways to use science and
engineering to improve their lives.
Roman architecture and art were largely based on Greek
ideas.
Roman literature and language have influenced how
people write and speak.
Roman law serves as a model for modern law codes
around the world.
Main Idea 1:
The Romans looked for ways to use science
and engineering to improve their lives.
The Romans tried
to find knowledge
that could improve
their lives.
• Medicine
• Calendars
• Better farming
methods
• Their practical
approach to
engineering can
be seen in their
use of cement,
layered roads,
and arches.
• Arches support
much heavier
weight because
of their rounded
shape.
• The Romans
created
aqueducts to
carry water from
the mountains to
the cities.
• They combined
arches to form a
vault, a set of
arches that
supports the roof
of a building.
Main Idea 2:
Roman architecture and art were largely
based on Greek ideas.
Roman architecture was
based largely on older Greek
designs, such as columns
and the use of marble.
• They moved beyond the
Greeks with their use of
vaults, used in the
Colosseum, and domes.
• They could build much
larger structures than the
Greeks because of these
vaults.
Art
• The artists of the Roman
Empire were known for
their mosaics and
paintings, done mostly on
wet plaster and called
frescoes.
• They were also skilled at
creating portraits, or
pictures of people.
• Roman sculptors were
also talented, but they
mostly copied statues
from older Greek works.
• These copies helped
provide information about
Greek masterpieces,
however.
Main Idea 3:
Roman literature and language have
influenced how people write and speak.
• Rome was home to many
of the greatest authors of
the ancient world, such as
Virgil and Ovid.
• Romans also excelled at
satire (a style of writing
that pokes fun at people
or society), speeches, and
drama.
• Writers used Latin, the
language of Rome.
• Latin developed into many
different languages, called
the Romance
languages.
• Latin words are still
common in scientific and
legal terms, and in
mottoes.
Main Idea 4:
Roman law serves as a model for modern law
codes around the world.
• Roman law was enforced throughout Europe and still
existed after the empire fell apart.
• Roman law inspired a system called civil law, which is a
legal system based on written codes of law.
• Most European countries today have civil-law traditions.
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