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Beginning of the Middle Ages CHAPTER 13 Middle Ages=Medieval Period • About 500AD-1500AD • Period between the Classical (Ancient) World and the Modern World 400sAD (you don’t have to write this) Germanic Tribes began pouring into the Western Roman Empire. The Germanic people were less sophisticated; they generally had no written language of their own, and no written laws The Western Roman government began loosing control of its provinces. The last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476AD by a Germanic chief. The Western Roman Empire collapsed. Changes that occurred 400AD-600AD 1. The central government (of the Western Roman Empire) collapsed, and it was replaced by many small Germanic kingdoms led by Germanic chiefs (or by no government at all) CHANGES THAT OCCURRED 400AD600AD 2. Trade and travel became much more difficult and dangerous, and gradually slowed to a trickle, The use of money almost disappeared in some places, and was replaced by barter. – Roman legions no longer maintained the roads or stopped bandits – Roman courts no longer enforced a single set of laws, or backed a single currency CHANGES THAT OCCURRED 500AD600AD 3. Towns and cities began to empty, and many eventually disappeared because: – Towns and cities are supported by trade. – When trade declined, towns & cities declined – People went back to simple farming CHANGES THAT OCCURRED 500AD600AD 4. Learning and literacy sharply declined. • At the height of the Roman Empire, basic literacy was fairly widespread, and among the upper class there was a high degree of education • As people left towns & cities and went back to simple farming, schools disappeared, and education became irrelevant • By 600AD, very few people in Western Europe except for priests and other clergy could read and write SUMMARY: Changes between 400AD600AD • The central government of the Western Roman Empire was replaced by many small Germanic kingdoms. • Trade and travel sharply declined • Towns and cities dwindled & disappeared. • Learning & literacy sharply declined. DARK AGES: about 500AD-1000AD • Western Europe slid into a Dark Age, when the level of civilization sharply declined. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH One only strong force for unity was left: The Roman Catholic Church In some ways the Roman Catholic Church took the place of the Roman Empire. Christianity had already spread through much of the Western Roman Empire before it collapsed. It continued to spread and became increasingly important. Germanic Tribes Small communities (no cities) Simple lifestyle Unwritten customs (no written laws) Farming, hunting, raiding, fighting Ruled by a King (war leader) chosen by warriors Warriors who swore oaths of loyalty to the King Tribes included Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Lombards, Saxons, Angles and others. Franks • The Germanic tribe that settled in the Roman province of Gaul, which is now France • First of the Germanic tribes to establish an important kingdom CLOVIS-1st King of the Franks-481AD • Frankish leader who conquered the other Franks in the old Roman province of Gaul (France), and established himself as its ruler. His wife was Clotilda. • First king of the Franks (France) • Established the Merovingian line of Kings of the Franks • Converted to Christianity under the influence of his Christian wife Clotilda • This helped unify his kingdom, and made the Pope his ally. Charles Martel-732AD • Over time, the Merovingian kings became weak and their assistant (Major Domo, or Mayor of the Palace) became the real ruler • Charles Martel became Major Domo-Ruler of the Palace under Childeric III. • Led the Franks at the Battle of Tours, in which they defeated the invading Moors (732AD). This stopped the spread of Islam into France. PEPIN (III) the SHORT-751AD • Son of Charles Martel; became Major Domo or Mayor of the Palace • Overthrew the Merovingian King and claimed the Frankish throne • Gained the support of the Pope, who anointed him King of the Franks by the Grace of God • Helped the Pope in a conflict with the Lombards & captured the land around Rome, and gave it to the Pope; this land (“Donation of Pepin”) became known as the Papal States CHARLEMAGNE (768-814AD) • Son of Pepin the Short; • Became King of the Franks in 768AD • Named Charles, but became known as Charles the GreatCharlemagne CHARLEMAGNE’S Empire • Expanded his lands into a large empire by defeating the Saxons in the north, Moors near the Spanish border; Lombards in Italy, Avars and Alemanni in central Europe. • Empire became known as the Carolingian Empire CHARLEMAGNE CROWNED “ROMAN EMPEROR” • When Charlemagne came to help Pope Leo III put down a rebellion in Rome, Pope Leo III crowned him “Emperor of the Romans” on Christmas Day 800AD (although the Western Roman Empire was actually long gone, Charlemagne was seen as the successor of Roman authority) CHARLEMAGNE-Government • Divided into regions called “Counties”, each governed by an official known as a Count • Special royal agents, called “Missi Domini”, traveled thoughout the empire, checking up on the Counts and investigating any complains. • Established a capital at the city of Aix la Chapelle (now called Aachen) CHARLEMAGNE – Revival of Learning • Charlemagne valued education. He himself could read but probably could not write • Started a Palace School to educated his own sons and other young nobles, with Alcuin of York brought from England to head the school • Brought monks together to produce a readable Bible. The monks developed lower case letter and a script called Carolingian minuscule. • Ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks & make copies of old Latin manuscripts Einhard’s description of Charlemagne • #22. [Charles' Appearance.] Charles was large and strong, and of lofty stature, though not disproportionately tall (his height is well known to have been seven times the length of his foot); the upper part of his head was round, his eyes very large and animated, nose a little long, hair fair, and face laughing and merry. Thus his appearance was always stately and dignified, whether he was standing or sitting; although his neck was thick and somewhat short, and his belly rather prominent; but the symmetry of the rest of his body concealed these defects. His gait was firm, his whole carriage manly, and his voice clear, but not so strong as his size led one to expect. His health was excellent, except during the four years preceding his death, when he was subject to frequent fevers; at the last he even limped a little with one foot. Even in those years he consulted rather his own inclinations than the advice of physicians, who were almost hateful to him, because they wanted him to give up roasts, to which he was accustomed, and to eat boiled meat instead. In accordance with the national custom, he took frequent exercise on horseback and in the chase, accomplishments in which scarcely any people in the world can equal the Franks. He enjoyed the exhalations from natural warm springs, and often practised swimming, in which he was such an adept that none could surpass him; and hence it was that he built his palace at Aixla-Chapelle, and lived there constantly during his latter years until his death. He used not only to invite his sons to his bath, but his nobles and friends, and now and then a troop of his retinue or body guard, so that a hundred or more persons sometimes bathed with him. AFTER CHARLEMAGNE • Charlemagne died in 814AD • Son Louis the Pious ruled briefly • Louis’s 3 sons: Charles the Bald, Lothair and Louis the German fought each other for the empire • The 3 brothers finally signed the Treaty of Verdun (843AD), which divided Charlemagne’s Empire 3 GROUPS ATTACKED & INVADED EUROPE 700AD-1000AD • Muslims from North Africa attacked the Mediterranean coast • Magyars attacked from the east, and eventually settled in what is now Hungary • Ferocious Vikings attacked from the North VIKINGS (also called NORSEMEN) • From Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) • Worshiped pagan gods (Thor, Odin, etc) • Viking burial: placed the dead person in a boat and burned it. • Ruled by kings, but assemblies of landowners made the laws • Primarily farmers, but gained wealth by attacking and looting VIKING BURIAL Viking Raids: “The Fury of the Northmen” • 700AD-1000AD-terrorized Europe!! • Sailed south along the coastlines of Europe & into the rivers of Europe, including Britain, France, Germany • Raided and looted settlements; took wealth and slaves. • Terrifying & savage. Ships even had terrifying figures on their prows • Also went on to discover Iceland, Greenland, & North America