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Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control What is Deviance? • Relative Deviance • What is Deviant to Some is not Deviant to Others • “Deviance” is Nonjudgmental Term – A Neutral Term • Stigma © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Norms Make Social Life Possible • Makes Behavior Predictable • No Norms - Social Chaos • Social Control – Group’s Formal and Informal Means of Enforcing Norms © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sanctions • Negative Sanctions – Frowns/gossip breaking folkways; imprisonment/capital punishment for violating Mores • Positive Sanctions – From smiles to formal awards – Are used to reward people for conforming to norms © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Competing Explanations of Deviance • Sociobiologists – Look for Answers Inside Individuals – Genetic Predispositions • Psychologists – Focuses on Abnormalities Within Individuals – Personality Disorders – Deviant Personalities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Competing Explanations of Deviance • Sociologists – Look for Answers Outside Individuals – Socialization – Membership in Subcultures – Social Class © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Module 23 Social Control █ Social control: Techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society – – – – Parents Peer groups Companies Government Internal and External Social Control • Internal social control takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives. • External social control involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers. Module 23 Informal and Formal Social Control █ █ Informal social control: Used casually to enforce norms Formal social control: Carried out by authorized agents Module 23 Social Control █ Sanctions: penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm – Death penalty ultimate formal sanction – Subject of controversy centered on effectiveness of this sanction as social control Module 23 Conformity and Obedience █ █ Conformity: Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior Obedience: Compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure Module 23 Conformity and Obedience █ The Milgram Experiment – Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject Two-thirds of participants fell into category of “obedient subjects” Module 23 Law and Society █ Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws – Law: Governmental social control • The legal order reflects values of those in a position to exercise authority – Control Theory: Our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms Module 24 Functionalist Perspective █ Durkheim’s Legacy – Punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior and contribute to stability – Anomie: Loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective Functionalist Perspective • Emile Durkheim: Deviance is a necessary element of social organization – Deviance affirms cultural values and norms – Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries – Responding to deviance brings people together – Deviance encourages social change Robert Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance • There is a strong cultural emphasis on success goals in America. – Everyone is socialized to aspire toward high achievement and success. – Competitiveness and success are glorified by public authorities, taught in schools, and glamorized in the media – Worth is judged by material and monetary success. Robert Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance • There is a discrepancy between means and goals for obtaining success – Disadvantaged groups do not have equal access to such legitimate opportunities. – This anomic condition produces strain or pressure on these groups to take advantage of whatever effective means to success they can find. Robert Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance • Merton proposed five ways of responding to (or adapting to) goals verse the means. – Conformity: Most common response – Innovation: Typical criminal response – Ritualism: Habitual response – Retreatism: Typical of drug use or “hobos” – Rebellion: Seeking radical change Robert Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance Adaptations Goals Means Conformity Accept Accept Innovation Accept Reject Ritualism Reject Accept Retreatism Reject Reject Rebellion Replace Replace Opportunity Theory • Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960) suggested that for deviance to occur, people must have access illegitimate opportunity structures: • Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels. Differential Association Theory Perspectives • States that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. • From this approach, criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups such as one’s family and peer groups Differential Reinforcement Theory • Criminologist Ronald Akers (1998) combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory. – If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “right,” they is more likely to engage in deviant behavior. – If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “wrong,” the person is less likely to engage in that behavior. Social Bond Theory • The probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken. • According to Travis Hirschi, social bonding consists of – attachment to other people – commitment to conformity – involvement in conventional activities – belief in the legitimacy of conventional norms. Labeling Theory • Attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not; also known as societal-reaction approach. • The act of fixing a person with a negative identity (label), such as “criminal” is directly related to the power of those who do the labeling and those being labeled. Stages in the Labeling Process • Primary deviance is believed to be unorganized, inconsistent, and infrequent. Without social reaction, the deviance would most likely remain sporadic and unorganized. • Secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts the identity and continues the deviant behavior. • Tertiary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non-deviant. Module 24 Conflict Theory █ People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs – Differential justice: Differences in way social control is exercised over different groups Module 24 Feminist Perspective █ Adler and Chesney-Lind argue existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with men in mind – Society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled How the Law Classifies Crime • Crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. – A felony is a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death. – A misdemeanor is a minor crime typically punished by less than one year in jail. How Sociologists Classify Crime • Sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses: – – – – – Conventional Street Crime White-collar Crime (Professional) Vice Crime (victimless) Organized Crime (Hierarchal Structure) Political Crime Module 25 Types of Crime █ █ Victimless crimes: Willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services Professional crime: Many people make a career of illegal activities – Professional criminal: Person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation Module 25 Types of Crime █ Organized crime: Group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities – Dominates world of illegal business just as large corporations dominate conventional businesses – Serves as means of upward mobility for groups of people struggling to escape poverty Module 25 Types of Crime █ White Collar and Technology-Based Crime – White Collar crime: Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities – Computer crime: Use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud – Corporate crime: Any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association Theory • The Theory – Edwin Sutherland • Families • Friends, Neighbors, and Subcultures • Prison or Freedom? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory • The Theory – Inner Controls • Morality; Conscience; Religious Principles – Outer controls • Family, friends, the police • Applying Control Theory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Labeling Theory • Rejecting Labels: How People Neutralize Deviance – Denial of responsibility, injury, victim; condemnation of the condemners; loyalties • Embracing Labels - Outlaw Bikers • Power of Labels: Saints & Roughnecks © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective: Can Deviance Be Functional? • Most of us are upset by deviance • Clarifies Moral Boundaries and Affirms Norms • Promotes Social Unity • Promotes Social Change © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist Perspective: Strain Theory • How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance • Cultural Goals • Institutional Means • Strain Leads to Anomie • Deviant paths – Innovators; Ritualism; Retreatism; Rebellion © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Who Gets Executed? Gender Bias in Capital Punishment © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.