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Warm Up Predict the products of the following 2 reactions: 1. NaCl + MgF2 → ? + ? 2. Calcium oxide and barium sulfide → ? and ? Take 1 What to do??? • Make sure you have a tracking sheet (all versions are the same) • Get calculators from the bin. Return them when finished • Complete ALL parts of tracking sheet • Raise hand to ask questions • You may track a classmate’s for extra credit…make sure to put their name on it Chemical Reactions Situation where atoms rearrange to make new substances. Reactants BEFORE •What you start with. •What reacts or rearranges Reactants Products AFTER BEFORE •What you start with. •What you end with. •What is produced. •What reacts or rearranges Double Replacement • How to predict products? – Just switch partners – Cations (positive ions) still come first in the formula – Anions (negative ions) still come last in the formula – Polyatomic ions move as a unit – Example? Practice Double Replacement (aka partner switch!) What forms from: 1. Calcium sulfide and magnesium oxide 2. Potassium chloride and hydrogen carbonate 3. Sodium hydroxide and lithium bromide Practice Double Replacement (aka partner switch!) What forms from: 1. NaCl and LiF 2. CaO and MgS 3. MgCl2 and CaI2 4. CaF2 and Li2O Kris Kross Method! 2+ 3Ca As Ca3As2 Write down the stable ions and cross the oxidation numbers (charges) to make them subscripts 1+ 1Na Cl NaCl 4+ 2Pb O Pb2O4 Write down the stable ions and cross the oxidation numbers (charges) to make them subscripts 1+ 1Na Cl NaCl 4+ 2Pb O Pb2O4 Write down the stable ions and cross the oxidation numbers (charges) to make them subscripts 1+ 1Na Cl NaCl 4+ 2Pb O Pb2O4 Extra Rules • DON’T cross signs (+ or -) • DON’T cross 1’s • If the numbers are the same, DON’T cross them (if both are 3’s, don’t cross them) • Reduce final subscripts if able to Ionic Compounds K F Ba N Ga O K Si Ca Cl Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds + KF Ba N Ga O K Si Ca Cl Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds KF Ba N Ga O Ca Cl K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds 2+ 3Ba N KF Ga O K Si Ca Cl Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds KF Ba3N2 Ga O Ca Cl K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds KF Ba3N2 3+ 2Ga O K Si Group Charge Ca Cl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds KF Ba3N2 Ga2O3 Ca Cl K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic Compounds KF Ba3N2 2+ Ca Cl Ga2O3 K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic compounds KF Ba3N2 Ga2O3 CaCl2 K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Ionic compounds KF Ba3N2 Ga2O3 CaCl2 + 4K Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Balancing Chemical Reactions KF Ba3N2 Ga2O3 CaCl2 K4Si Group Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1+ 2+ 3+ 4- 3- 2- 1- 0 Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Matter is Conserved! If mass is never created/destroyed, and it can be measured, then: Key Point 3: Total mass of products = Total mass of reactants Now Let’s Apply: A student takes 30g of BaCl2 and reacts it with 25 g of LiOH. BaCl2 + LiOH LiCl + Ba(OH)2 What is the total mass of the products formed? Now Let’s Apply: A student takes 30g of BaCl2 and reacts it with 25 g of LiOH. BaCl2 + LiOH LiCl + Ba(OH)2 What is the total mass of the products formed? 55g. Practice, Practice, Practice • 45g of K3PO4 are combined with 25g of NaOH. What is the total mass of products? 35g of MgSO4 are combined with 30g of KCl What is the total mass of products? Practice, Practice, Practice • 45g of K3PO4 are combined with 25g of NaOH. What is the total mass of products? 70g 35g of MgSO4 are combined with 30g of KCl What is the total mass of products? Practice, Practice, Practice • 45g of K3PO4 are combined with 25g of NaOH. What is the total mass of products? 70g 35g of MgSO4 are combined with 30g of KCl What is the total mass of products? 65g Practice, Practice, Practice • 70g of BaCl combines with 50g of NaOH What is the total mass of products? 253.4g of NaOH combines with 123.4g of LiCl What is the total mass of products? Practice, Practice, Practice • 70g of BaCl combines with 50g of NaOH What is the total mass of products? 120g 253.4g of NaOH combines with 123.4g of LiCl What is the total mass of products? Practice, Practice, Practice • 70g of BaCl combines with 50g of NaOH What is the total mass of products? 120g 253.4g of NaOH combines with 123.4g of LiCl What is the total mass of products? 376.8g Practice, Practice, Practice • 70g of BaCl combines with 50g of NaOH and forms 60 g of BaOH. • What is the mass of the NaCl that forms? 250g of NaOH combines with 125g of LiCl and forms 100 g of NaCl. What is the mass of the LiOH that forms? Practice, Practice, Practice • 70g of BaCl combines with 50g of NaOH and forms 40 g of BaOH. • What is the mass of the NaCl that forms? 80g 250g of NaOH combines with 150g of LiCl and forms 100 g of NaCl. What is the mass of the LiOH that forms? 300g Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Balancing equations RULES! • When balancing equations, Never, Never, NEVER change subscripts, only coefficients! But Ms. Hughes… • What is a coefficient? •GOOD QUESTION! Coefficient • A coefficient is a whole number in front of the compound, never in the middle! • You multiply the coefficient to all the subscripts in the compound 2AlCl3 Do you get it? • 3AlCl3 • How many atoms of each element do they have? • ? Aluminum’s • ? Chlorine’s Practice • • • • • 2AlCl3 4H2O 6H2O2 5KCl 2Be3S2 Balancing Chemical Reactions H2 + O2 H2O __H__ __O__ Write down elements. Balancing Chemical Reactions H2 + O2 H2O __H__ __O__ How many are there? Balancing Chemical Reactions H2 + O2 H2O _2_H_2_ __O__ How many are there? Balancing Chemical Reactions H2 + O2 H2O _2_H_2_ _2_O_1_ How many are there? Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s) Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. 2Al(s) + Cl2(g) Al2Cl3(s) Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Br2 + O2 2Br2O Balancing Equations 1) Determine number of atoms for each element. 2) Pick an element that is not equal on both sides of the equation. 3) Add a coefficient in front of the formula with that element and adjust your counts. 4) Continue adding coefficients to get the same number of atoms of each element on each side. Balancing Chemical Reactions H2 + O2 H2O _2_H_2_ _2_O_1_ How many are there? Balancing Chemical Reactions Try These: N2 + H2 NH3 P4O10 + H2O H3PO4 Ca3P2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + PH3 Balancing Chemical Reactions Try These: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 P4O10 + H2O H3PO4 Ca3P2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + PH3 Balancing with some hot sauce… What if you have some polyatomic ions? WHAAAAAAAAT will you do?? When balancing equations with polyatomic ions, keeping them together can make it easier! Work it out… H3PO4 + ____ KOH ____ K3PO4 + ____ H2O • Which polyatomics are we using? – PO4 – phosphate – OH – hydroxide • Where is the OH on the other side? – It’s okay – rewrite H2O as HOH – Trust me! Balancing Chemical Reactions Try These: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 Ca3P2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + PH3 Balancing Chemical Reactions Try These: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3 Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Warm Up 1. Does breaking a bond absorb or release energy? 2. Does forming a bond absorb or release energy? 3. How is an exothermic reaction different from an endothermic reaction? Why does the temperature change?!? Key Point #1: Breaking a bond requires energy. Forming new bonds releases energy. Unit for energy: kilojoules (kJ) Endothermic = energy ABSORBED energy goes IN Exothermic = energy RELEASED energy EXITS Endo or Exo??? 1. 2 HCl + 185 kJ H2 + Cl2 2. 4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O + 1169 kJ 3. Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 + 220.1 kJ 4. H2O + C + 132 kJ CO2 + 2H2 Some Questions to ponder The combustion of the hydrocarbon glucose (C6H12O6) produces carbon dioxide, water, and releases 2830 kJ. Exo or Endo??? Some Questions to ponder After absorbing 66.4 kJ of energy, 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 2 moles of oxygen gas react to form 2 moles of nitrogen monoxide. Exo or Endo??? Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit • Remember to look up the names of polyatomic ions • Gases like oxygen, etc are O2 – “diatomic” • + means “and” • → means “yield” States of Matter • Products and reactants in chemical reactions are present in different states • Solid (s) • Liquid (l) • Gas (g) • Aqueous (aq)- dissolved in water • Precipitate (ppt)- solid product of a reaction Practice- what is formula equation? Solid magnesium and aqueous Aluminum Chloride react to form an Aluminum precipitate and aqueous Magnesium Chloride Practice- what is the formula equation? aqueous sodium chloride reacts with aqueous lead (II) nitrate to yield a lead (II) chloride precipitate and aqueous sodium nitrate • Solid Potassium metal and chlorine gas combine to form aqueous potassium chloride. Aluminum and liquid hydrochloric acid (HCl) react to form Solid aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s) Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. 2Al(s) + Cl2(g) Al2Cl3(s) Is this chemical equation balanced? Defend you answer and how it relates to the Law of Conservation of Mass. Br2 + O2 2Br2O Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Warm Up 1. When pressure increases, what happens to volume? 2. When temperature increases, what happens to volume? Conclusions • Pay attention • Remember: CAUSE → EFFECT • Lines intersecting on a graph means the values are equal at that point • It’s all about relationships! Conclusions Incubation Temperature of Turtle Eggs Versus Sex of Hatchlings Four groups of 25 eggs Group 1 Temperature Number of Males Number of Eggs not Females hatched 26 21 2 2 Group 2 28 13 11 1 Group 3 30 1 19 5 Group 4 32 1 20 4 Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Gases • Particles are: – – – – Spread apart In constant motion Very small Exert force on each other when collide – Exert force on container when collide – Which is the gas? Volume • Volume measures how much space matter takes up. • The units of Volume are Liters (L) – 1 L = 1000 mL Pressure • Pressure describes how much force is applied over an area. – The more force, the more pressure. – The more area, the less pressure • Why doesn’t this person have a lot of holes in their body? Gas Pressure • Gas Pressure is a measure of how much force the gas molecules hit the container with. – If the gas molecules hit the container harder, what will happen to the pressure? • Answer in complete sentences Units of Pressure • Pressure is measured in many different units. – Atmospheres (atm) – Kilopascals (kPa) – Millimeters of Mercury (mm Hg) – Torr (torr) • 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr Pressure and Volume • Recall: – Pressure is related to the force on the gas molecules in the container – Volume is how much space the gas takes up • Imagine a balloon. – If the pressure on the gas molecules increases what do you think will happen to the volume the gas molecules take up? • Explain your answer on the sheet in complete sentences Boyle’s Law • Boyle’s Law relates gas pressure and gas volume • Equation: P1V1 P2V2 Initial Pressure Initial Volume Final Pressure Final Volume *You can use any units, as long as they are on the same on each side Temperature • Temperature is a measure of how fast the molecules in a substance are moving. – The faster they move, the higher the temperature • Temperature is measured in: – Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) – Degrees Celsius (°C) – Kelvin (K) Charles’ Law • Charles’ Law relates the temperature of a gas to the volume of a gas. Initial Volume Initial Temperature V1 V2 T1 T2 Final Volume Final Temperature • The units for T must be Kelvin (K). – What could happen if the temperature was in C or F? • The units for volume can change. Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Significant figures • A way of keeping track of the precision of a measurement Significant figures • All measured digits + 1 guessed digit What’s the measurement? • Graduated cylinder- measure from the bottom of the curve What’s the measurement? • Triple beam balance- add three levels together How many sig figs? • Graduated cylinder- measure from the bottom of the curve How many sig figs? • Triple beam balance- add three levels together How many sig figures? • • • • • • 400000 .000034 .00201 3402 60001 4032.00 Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Warm Up 1. What is the purpose of multiple trials? 2. Which of the following conducts electricity in water: NaCl or C2H3O2 Multiple Trials • Doing an experiment multiple times or having multiple subjects • Necessary to reduce error by taking the average • Need a trial that has the control group (original form) Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit With addition of solute • Boiling point increases • Freezing point decreases Why? • Explain, in complete sentences, why people add salt to water to make the pasta cook faster. • Explain, in complete sentences, why salt is added to roads when it snows. BP and FP Change Equation T kmi Change in temperature Number of dissolved particles constant molality kb for water is 0.51 °C/m kf for water is -1.86 °C/m mol m kg An Example • What is the boiling point of a 0.75 m MgF2 if water is the solvent? Practice Questions Question #1 Question #2 • Which of the following will increase the boiling point of solvent the most? • What is the freezing point of a salt (NaCl) water solution with a molality of 3 m? – – – – – 1 m NaCl 1 m C12H22O11 1 m CaCl2 1 m Al2O3 1 m MgO More Practice Practice Quietly by yourself. Raise you hand if you have a question • What is the molarity of a solution with 2.0 moles of CaCl2 in 4 L of H2O? • What is the molality of a solution with 4.0 moles of CaCl2 in 6 L of H2O? • What is the boiling point of a solution with 4 m CaCl2 in water? Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit Conductivity • When ions are dissolved in water, they can conduct electricity – Because they can move charges in the liquid • Why can’t ionic compounds conduct electricity while they are solids? • Why can’t covalent compounds dissolved in water conduct electricity? Review: ionic compound A METAL + A NONMETAL Why do some ionic compounds conduct better? • More ions per volume of solution (concentration) means more charge is carried (better conduction) • Ionic compounds that create more ions (higher concentration) when dissolved conduct electricity better REMEMBER: Dissolution • Dissolution is when an ionic compound dissolved into ions in a polar solvent. – How many ion (not particles) will the following compounds make? • NaCl • CaCl2 • CH3OH 2 3 none Practice Problems Question #1 Question #2 • Which of the following will conduct electricity? • In complete sentences, explain why gatorade and powerade can conduct electricity. – Pure water – Salt water – A pile of salt – Sugar water – A pile of sugar Practice • • • • • • • • NaCl H2O H2O with dissolved ions C2H6O3 MgCl2 Strong electrolyte Weak electrolyte Solutions with high concentration of dissolved ions Remastery quiz • Work silently and alone for full credit