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For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known: • Anterior: toward the head or top – Also called cranial • Posterior: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus – Also called Caudal • Ventral: at the front of, in front • Dorsal: behind, in the back of • Lateral: away from the center of the body Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart – Specialization- are cells specialized for different jobs? – Symmetry- is it radial or bilateral? Is there symmetry at all? – Body Cavity- do they have a true coelom? Pseudocoelom? No body cavity at all? – Protostome/Deuterostome- does the blastopore become the mouth or the anus? Details of Phyla • Fill in the defining characteristics into your chart – Digestion- Do they digest inside the cells or outside the cells? How many openings does the digestive tract have? – Segmentation- are there divisions along the body specialized for different purposes? – Skeleton- internal, external, or hydrostatic? – Examples- what do animals in this phylum look like? Skeleton- do you mean like bones? • Skeleton refers to a support system- remember that animals do not have cell walls- so what holds animals into shape and prevents them from being a giant blob of cells? • Hydrostatic skeleton- fluid pressing against muscles, no hard parts • External skeleton- tough outer covering of chitin • Internal skeleton- this is what YOU have- internal HARD substances like BONES Phylum Porifera • Cell Specialization: Yes (few) • Symmetry: None (asymmetrical) • Body Cavity: No Digestive Tract • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A Phylum Porifera • Digestion: Filter feeder Intracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Silica • Example: Sponges Phylum Porifera • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: – asexual (budding) or sexual (internal fertilization) • Response – Produce toxins to ward off predators (sea slugs) Phylum Cnidaria • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity (one opening) for feeding and gas exchange • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A Phylum Cnidaria • Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) • Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war Phylum Cnidaria • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells, or cell to cell • Reproduction: – Asexual (budding) or sexual (external fertilization) • Response: – Nerve net – Stinging cells called cnidocytes on tentacles Ctenophora • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Gastrovascular cavity with 2 openings: mouth and anal pore • Protostome or Deuterostome: N/A Ctenophora • Digestion: Extracellular in the Gastrovascular cavity • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic (two muscle layers and fluid) • Examples: Jellyfish, coral, Portuguese man of war Ctenophora • Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion: – occur via diffusion of gases and wastes between water and cells • Reproduction: – hermaphroditic • Response: – Nerve net – No stinging cells, but have sticky cells called colloblasts used to capture prey – bioluminescent Phylum Platyhelminthes • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Acoelomate (have a digestive tract but no body cavity) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Platyhelminthes • Digestion: Extracellular in the gastrovascular cavity one opening- mouth/anus • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Examples: Tapeworms, Flukes Phylum Platyhelminthes • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion exchanges gas and excretes waste through body walls • Response: – Ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Eyespots (detect light) • Reproduction: – Sexual • Hermaphrodites (produce both egg and sperm cells) • Two worms can exchange sperm – Asexual • fission Rotifera • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Cilia covered corona Rotifera • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: rotifers (seen in your pond water lab) Rotifera • Parthenogenetic reproduction (eggs are diploid) and only in certain conditions are males formed. • Males are formed from unfertilized haploid eggs – Fertilize other haploid eggs and create a dormant fertilized egg that under the right conditions will become a parthenogenetic female. Phylum Nematoda • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Pseudocoelomate (lined partially with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Nematoda • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: No • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: Hookworms, Filarial worms, pinworms, heartworms Phylum Nematoda • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion transports nutrients and gases – Flame cells remove excess water from the body • Response: – Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Several nerve extend the length of the body • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization Phylum Annelida • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate (lined with mesoderm) • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Annelida • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Example: Leeches, earthworms, meal worms Phylum Annelida • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) – Closed circulatory system – Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid • Response: – Brain and several nerve cords – Sensory tentacles, chemical receptors • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization – Some annelids are hermaphrodites Mollusca • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Mollusca • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Hydrostatic • Examples: Snails, clams, squids, octopi Phylum Mollusca • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Breathe using gills (aquatic) or use diffusion (terrestrial) – Open circulatory system – Nephridia are specialized excretory organs that filter fluid • Response: – Simple nervous system (small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple sense organs) (ex: clams) – Well-developed brains (ex: octopi) • Reproduction: – Sexual: • external or internal fertilization • Hermaphrodites or separate sexes Phylum Arthropoda • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Protostome Phylum Arthropoda • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Exoskeleton • Examples: Crustaceans, Arachnids, Insects Phylum Arthropoda • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Trachael tubes or book lungs – Open circulatory system – Malphigian tubules extract waste from the blood and add it to digestive waste • Response: – Several ganglia in head region (groups of nerve cells) – Several nerve extend the length of the body • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, internal fertilization Phylum Echinodermata • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Radial • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Phylum Echinodermata • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Examples: Sea stars, Brittle stars, sand dollars Phylum Echinodermata • Respiration, circulation and excretion: – Diffusion through tube feet – Circulation through water vascular system • Response: – Nerve ring that surrounds the mouth has radial nerves that connect to body sections • Reproduction: – Sexual: separate sexes, external fertilization Phylum Chordata • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Example: Lancelet, sea squirts Nonvertebrate chordates • Cell Specialization: Yes • Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Cavity: Coelomate • Protostome or Deuterostome: Deuterostome Nonvertebrate Chordata • Digestion: Extracellular • Segmentation: Yes • Skeleton: Endoskeleton • Example: Lancelet, sea squirts