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Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates to Vertebrates General Characteristics • Multicellular eukaryotes • Heterotrophs that ingest their food • Mostly sexual reproduction, some asexual • Controlled Movement – response via nerve impulses & muscle coordination Invertebrates vs. vertebrates • Evolution • 800 MYA from motile protists that liked to hang out together –choanoflagellates • Movement from water to land – protection from dessication & sun’s rays Move from water to land determines changes in… • • • • • • Body support & movement Reproduction Circulatory system Respiratory system Digestive and excretory system Nervous system Common morphology • 3 categories of morphology for classification and evolutionary advances –Symmetry –Germ layers –Body cavity symmetry Advantages of bilateral symmetry – Allow for cephalization • Centralized nervous system in a head – Allows for segmentation • Specialization of body parts – Allows for one way digestive system • Input (eating) to output (excretion) that flows in one direction vs. a 2-way system Germ layers • Ectoderm -becomes hair, skin, nervous system • Mesoderm -becomes skeleton, muscle, inner skin, circulatory system, liver • Endoderm – becomes gut and associated organs, lungs, gills, pancreas, and their linings Body Cavity • Acoelomate –Solid organism –restricted movement & function • Psuedocoelomate –False body cavity Body Cavity, cont’d Coelomate – True body cavity – body cavity surrounded by mesoderm – Allows for ease of mobility & function, i.e. digestion, circulation – More room for larger organs (or coiled organs) so processes can take longer/efficiency – Allows for retention of eggs/gametes • Internal fertilization (protects young) Patterns of Development • Type of cleavage determines whether or not cells can regenerate and ease of cloning Patterns of Development • Indirect –Metamorphosis through a life cycle vs. Direct -growth & differentiation Earliest animals sponges • Phylum Porifera • Collection of cells, able to communicate with each other • No true tissue layers • No symmetry or organs • Sessile, suspension feeders • O&D • regeneration First true animals • Phylum Cnidarian – Jellies, anemones, hydra, corals • Phylum Ctenophora – Comb jellies – 2 (?) true tissue layers but lacking in complex systems – Sexual reproduction – Radial Symmetry Early Worms • Phylum Playthelminthes – flatworms • Phylum Nematoda – Round worms Phylum Mollusca • 1st with true coelum • The “head-foods” • Radula Phylum Annelida • Earthworms (segmented worms) • Hermaphrodites • Do NOT regenerate!! Phylum Arthropoda • Largest phylum, essential for evo. Of plants • Exoskeleton limits size – Crayfish, insects, lobsters, spiders – Jointed appendages Phylum Echinodermata • First deuterostomes, closely related to us • Starfish, sea urchins – “Spiny skin” Phylum Chordata • Dorsal nerve chord • Notochord • Pharyngeal (gill) slits • Post-anal tail – Classes – birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals