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Introduction to Animals Essential Questions: What makes an animal an animal? How are animals classified? Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Multicellular Tissues and organs formed by specialized cells No cell walls Likely evolved from animal-like protists Essential Functions All animals carry out the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Obtain food from the environment Exchange O2 & CO2 through skin, gills, lungs, etc Move materials around body Get rid of wastes Process information with nerves All animals are motile at some point Most reproduce sexually, some asexually Reproduction & Development Animals mainly reproduce sexually Fertilization – sperm meets egg, either within or outside the body External fertilization (in water) Internal fertilization (on land) What are the positives and negatives of each type of fertilization? Reproduction & Development Steps of Development: Fertilization results in a unicellular zygote The unicellular zygote divides by mitosis = cleavage A hollow ball of cells (blastula) forms Gastrulation (folding inward) forms 2 cells layers: ectoderm and endoderm Mesoderm forms Coelomate vs Acoelomates Coelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal organs. Acoelomates – no internal cavity. Example: Flatworms Pseudocoelomates – body cavity develops between endoderm and mesoderm. Example: Roundworms Coelomates – internal organs suspended in a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Example: Earthworms Why the Coelom? The coelom is significant because as animals evolved, so did the presence of a complex body cavity to support more complex organs! Symmetry Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry: Asymmetry – irregular in shape Example: Sponge Radial Symmetry – can be divided through along any plane into halves from the mouth. Example: Anemone Bilateral Symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror images. Example: Humans Cephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front (top) of the body Body Positioning Bisymmetrical animals have 4 parts: Anterior: the head end, where sensory organs are located Posterior: the tail end (anus) Dorsal: Back surface where the spine is located Ventral: The belly side Framework for support: Skeletons Exoskeletons – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body. Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues Endoskeletons – internal skeleton for support made of Calcium Carbonate, cartilage or bone Protects internal organs and an internal brace for muscles to pull against To survive on land, why is it important to have a strong skeleton? Framework for support: Skeletons Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton Echinoderms have endoskeletons Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton Invertebrates Make up 95% of all animals No backbone, or vertebral column. Most have exoskeletons. Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process Oxygen very well, restricts their size and survival on land. Invertebrate Phyla Phylum Porifera - Sponges Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish Invertebrate members of Phylum Chordata– Sea squirts, Lancelets Phylum Annelida The segmented worms. Example: earthworms, leeches Segmentation allows movement of individual parts Possess a true coelom Specialized organs and systems Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Class Amphibia (amphibians) Class Reptilia (reptiles) Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrates 5% of all animals Have a vertebral column. The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the spinal cord Have endoskeletons. Closed circulatory system with a multichambered heart Classification: Kingdom – Animalia, Phylum – Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata Types of Mammals – based on type of reproduction Subclasses Placental (95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth Marsupials – short period of development inside the mother followed by a second period of development inside pouch Monotremes - lay eggs. # species: platypus and 2 echidnas Vertebrates: Am I hot or not? The major difference between vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature. Ectotherms – regulated by environment Example: fish, frogs, snakes Endotherms – regulated by their own body Example: mammals Animals that are ectothermic (like snakes) don’t require food as much as endotherms. • What does this indicate about the relationship between food requirements and the generation of body heat? • How does this fact restrict where certain types of animals can live? • If the environment were to suddenly get cold (like an ice age), which of the animals could survive?