Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
#___Name: __________________________________ KINGDOM ANIMALIA NOTES WHAT ARE ANIMALS? Animals are… ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Evolved ways of __________________ to feed, reproduce, and protect themselves Specialized cells that form _________________________like nerves and muscles Cells do __________ have cell walls Likely evolved from animal-like _____________________________________ during the Cambrian period. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. All animals carry out the following: 1. _____________________________________: obtain food from the environment 2. _____________________________________: exchange O2 and CO2 3. _____________________________________: move materials around body 4. _____________________________________: get rid of wastes 5. _____________________________________: process information with nerves 6. _____________________________: all animals are motile at some point 7. _____________________________________: most sexually, some asexually WHAT IS A COELOM? Coelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal organs. _______________________ – have no internal cavity. Example: Flatworms _______________________ – a body cavity develops between endoderm and mesoderm. Example: Roundworms _______________________ – internal organs suspended in a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Example: Humans REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Animals mainly reproduce sexually: external fertilization (in _______) and internal fertilization (on _________) Steps of Development: Most animals develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote), Fertilization – sperm meets egg, either within or outside the body, The Unicellular zygote divides by mitosis = cleavage, A hollow ball of cells forms a 1 blastula (fluid filled ball of cells.), Gastrulation (folding inward) occurs to form 2 cells layers: ectoderm and endoderm. The Mesoderm forms which will form the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system and respiratory system. SYMMETRY: Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry. _______________________________ – irregular in shape. Example: Sponge only! _________________ symmetry – can be divided through along any plane into halves from the mouth. Example: Hydra _________________ symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror images. Example: Humans Cephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front (top) of the body BODY POSITIONING: Bisymmetrical animals have 4 parts: _______________________: the head end, where sensory organs are located _______________________: the tail end (anus) _______________________: Back surface where the spine is located _______________________: The belly side Other: _______________________: Cross section straight through. TYPES OF SKELETONS ______________________________________________ – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body. Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues ______________________________________________ – internal skeleton for support made of Calcium Carbonate (starfish), cartilage (sharks) or bone (humans) Protects internal organs and an internal brace for muscles to pull against Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton. Echinoderms have endoskeletons. Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton. Invertebrates Make up 95% of all animals, Have no _____________________, or vertebral column, mostly have exoskeletons. Ruled the Earth during the early Paleozoic Era/Cambrian Period (540-500 mya) Called the “Age of Invertebrates” Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process _______________ very well, restricts their size and survival on land. First: Phylum Porifera – Sponges Sixth: Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms Second: Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish, Seventh: Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters, Third: Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms Eighth: Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish Fourth: Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms Ninth: Invertebrate chordates – Sea squirts, Lancelets Fifth: Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams VERTEBRATES: A vertebrate is an animal with a __________________________________ CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Subphylum – Vertebrata 2 CHARACTERISTICS: Have an endoskeleton. The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the spinal cord. Cephalization = means the sensory organs and well developed brain located in a skull . Also possess a Closed circulatory system w/a multi-chambered heart . The major difference between vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature. ___________________________ – regulated by the environment . Example: fish, frogs, snakes ___________________________ – regulated by their own body. Example: mammals, humans THE HUMAN VERTEBRATE SKELETON There are 206 bones in the human body. Muscles aid in skeletal movement. There are 100 joints in the human body and 639 different muscles. Muscles and bones attach by tendons and ligaments. Tendons: Muscle to Bone and Ligaments: Bone to Bone Bones…make blood, store minerals, protect internal organs, and allow movement. There are two sections to the vertebrate skeleton: 1) _____________________________ skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. Protects internal organs! 2) _____________________________ skeleton that includes the arm, leg bones, pelvis and shoulder. Allows for Locomotion! There are four major Joints in the skeleton: 1) ________________________ – allows for a wide range of motion (shoulder, hip) 2) _________________ – back and forth motion (elbow, knee) 3) _________________ – bones rotate around one another (base of skull) 4) _____________________________ – bones slide over one another (wrist, ankle) 3 Vertebrate Comparison Chart: Complete the Chart of the 5 major Classes of Vertebrates. CIRCULATION TYPE OF VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION REPRODUCTION CHOOSE: GILLS, LUNGS, OR SKIN? CHOOSE: EXTERNAL, OR INTERNAL? A. CHOOSE: OPEN SYSTEM OR CLOSED SYSTEM B. WRITE HOW MANY CHAMBERS ARE IN THE HEART. BODY HEAT CHOOSE: ECTOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC? UNIQUE FEATURE(S) TO THIS PARTICULAR CLASS EXAMPLES? WHAT TYPE OF ANIMAL SPECIES BELONG TO THIS GROUP? Fish Amphibians Reptiles Avians Mammals MAMMAL SUBCLASSES – BASED ON TYPE OF REPRODUCTION _____________________________ (95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth. Ex: Humans _____________________________ – short period of development inside the moth followed by a second period of development inside pouch. Examples: Kangaroos and Opossums _____________________________ (3 species) – lay eggs. Examples: platypus and 2 echidnas 4