Download Kingdom Animalia Notes - Mrs-Lamberts-Biology

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA NOTES
WHAT ARE ANIMALS? Animals are…
 ______________________________________
 ______________________________________
 ______________________________________
 Evolved ways of __________________ to feed,
reproduce, and protect themselves
 Specialized cells that form
_________________________like nerves and
muscles
 Cells do __________ have cell walls
 Likely evolved from animal-like
_____________________________________ during
the Cambrian period.
ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS. All animals carry out the
following:
1. _____________________________________: obtain food from the environment
2. _____________________________________: exchange O2 and CO2
3. _____________________________________: move materials around body
4. _____________________________________: get rid of wastes
5. _____________________________________: process information with nerves
6. _____________________________: all animals are motile at some point
7. _____________________________________: most sexually, some asexually
WHAT IS A COELOM?
Coelom – fluid filled cavity that supports internal organs.
_______________________ – have no internal cavity. Example: Flatworms
_______________________ – a body cavity develops between endoderm and mesoderm. Example: Roundworms
_______________________ – internal organs suspended in a body cavity surrounded by mesoderm. Example: Humans
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Animals mainly reproduce sexually: external fertilization (in _______) and internal fertilization (on _________)
Steps of Development: Most animals develop from a single fertilized egg (zygote), Fertilization – sperm meets egg,
either within or outside the body, The Unicellular zygote divides by mitosis = cleavage, A hollow ball of cells forms a
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blastula (fluid filled ball of cells.), Gastrulation (folding inward) occurs to form 2 cells layers: ectoderm and endoderm.
The Mesoderm forms which will form the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system and respiratory system.
SYMMETRY: Animals can be described in terms of their symmetry.
_______________________________ – irregular in shape. Example: Sponge only!
_________________ symmetry – can be divided through along any plane into halves from the mouth. Example: Hydra
_________________ symmetry – can be divided lengthwise into 2 mirror images. Example: Humans
 Cephalization: concentration of sense organs at the front (top) of the body
BODY POSITIONING: Bisymmetrical animals have 4 parts:
 _______________________: the head end, where sensory organs are located
 _______________________: the tail end (anus)
 _______________________: Back surface where the spine is located
 _______________________: The belly side
Other: _______________________: Cross section straight through.
TYPES OF SKELETONS
 ______________________________________________ – hard, waxy covering on the exterior of the body.
Prevent water loss, protect soft tissues
 ______________________________________________ – internal skeleton for support made of Calcium
Carbonate (starfish), cartilage (sharks) or bone (humans) Protects internal organs and an internal brace for
muscles to pull against
 Invertebrates – an animal without a backbone; usually has exoskeleton. Echinoderms have endoskeletons.
 Vertebrates – an animal with a backbone; bilaterally symmetry; exoskeleton.
Invertebrates
 Make up 95% of all animals, Have no _____________________, or vertebral column, mostly have exoskeletons.
 Ruled the Earth during the early Paleozoic Era/Cambrian Period (540-500 mya) Called the “Age of Invertebrates”
 Open circulatory systems (with a one chambered “heart”) Cannot process _______________ very well, restricts
their size and survival on land.
First: Phylum Porifera – Sponges
Sixth: Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms
Second: Phylum Cnidaria – Corals, Hydra & Jellyfish,
Seventh: Phylum Arthropoda – Insects, spiders, lobsters,
Third: Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Eighth: Phylum Enchinodermata – Starfish
Fourth: Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms
Ninth: Invertebrate chordates – Sea squirts, Lancelets
Fifth: Phylum Mollusca – Snails, squid & Clams
VERTEBRATES: A vertebrate is an animal with a __________________________________

CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom – Animalia  Phylum – Chordata  Subphylum – Vertebrata
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
CHARACTERISTICS:
Have an endoskeleton. The backbone gives support to the body and protection to the
spinal cord. Cephalization = means the sensory organs and well developed brain located in a skull . Also
possess a Closed circulatory system w/a multi-chambered heart .
The major difference between vertebrates is whether or not they can regulate their own body temperature.
 ___________________________ – regulated by the environment . Example: fish, frogs, snakes
 ___________________________ – regulated by their own body. Example: mammals, humans
THE HUMAN VERTEBRATE SKELETON
 There are 206 bones in the human body. Muscles aid in skeletal
movement. There are 100 joints in the human body and 639
different muscles. Muscles and bones attach by tendons and
ligaments. Tendons: Muscle to Bone and Ligaments: Bone to
Bone
 Bones…make blood, store minerals, protect internal organs, and
allow movement.
 There are two sections to the vertebrate skeleton:
1) _____________________________ skeleton that includes the skull,
vertebral column, and rib cage. Protects internal organs!
2) _____________________________ skeleton that includes the arm,
leg bones, pelvis and shoulder. Allows for Locomotion!
There are four major Joints in the skeleton:
1) ________________________ – allows for a wide range of motion (shoulder, hip)
2) _________________ – back and forth motion (elbow, knee)
3) _________________ – bones rotate around one another (base of skull)
4) _____________________________ – bones slide over one another (wrist, ankle)
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Vertebrate Comparison Chart: Complete the Chart of the 5 major Classes of Vertebrates.
CIRCULATION
TYPE OF
VERTEBRATE
RESPIRATION
REPRODUCTION
CHOOSE:
GILLS, LUNGS,
OR SKIN?
CHOOSE:
EXTERNAL, OR
INTERNAL?
A. CHOOSE:
OPEN SYSTEM
OR
CLOSED SYSTEM
B. WRITE HOW
MANY CHAMBERS
ARE IN THE HEART.
BODY HEAT
CHOOSE:
ECTOTHERMIC
OR
ENDOTHERMIC?
UNIQUE
FEATURE(S) TO
THIS PARTICULAR
CLASS
EXAMPLES?
WHAT TYPE OF
ANIMAL SPECIES
BELONG TO THIS
GROUP?
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Avians
Mammals
MAMMAL SUBCLASSES – BASED ON TYPE OF REPRODUCTION
 _____________________________ (95%) – young fully develops in uterus before birth. Ex: Humans
 _____________________________ – short period of development inside the moth followed by a second
period of development inside pouch. Examples: Kangaroos and Opossums
 _____________________________ (3 species) – lay eggs. Examples: platypus and 2 echidnas
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