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1 Cardiovascular Disease In African American Women By: Tove Freeman & Van Williams 2 What is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)? “ Cardiovascular Disease is an abnormal function of the heart involving the narrowing or blocking of blood vessels.” - Cardiovascular Disease Foundation (figure 7) 3 CVD in Massachusetts What is a health disparity? How is CVD a health disparity? * Health disparity = when an incident of a disease is not equal to the general population. * CVD is the #1 killer of women in Massachusetts, especially in the African American community. 4 Why is CVD a disparity? More than 500,000 women die of cardiovascular disease every year. • Almost double the death rate of men. • The rate of mortality in women with CVD has increased steadily over the past 30 years-the rate of men has decreased! Specifically, in MA CVD targets women of African American and Hispanic/Latina descent. • African American women = 35% more likely than Caucasian women to die of CVD. • 68% of Caucasian women know that CVD is the leading cause of death among women compared to 31% of black women. 5 CVD & Women • Women are less likely to: ▫ be screened for cholesterol or offered cholesterol lowering medications. ▫ receive therapies like heparin, beta blockers or use aspirin. ▫ be referred for cardiac rehabilitation • Different diagnostic tools: ▫ Treadmill stress tests can yield both false positive and false negative caused by hormones ▫ Nuclear stress testing, the breasts can compromise the images of the heart 6 Infection Inflammation Structural Defects Genetics Environment Causes Poor Diet 7 Symptoms of CVD • Chest Pain/ Chest Discomfort • Pain in one or both arms, left shoulder, neck jaw, or back. • Shortness of breath • Dizziness • Faster heart beats • Nausea • Abnormal heart beats • Fatigue 8 Obesity High Cholesterol Risk Factors High Blood Pressure Physical Inactivity Diabetes 9 Obesity 40 Obesity among MA adults in Obesity in Massachusetts in 2007 2002 35 Percent 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 MA men MA women • African American adults are more likely than any other race/ethnicity to be overweight, significantly increasing their risk of cardiovascular disease. • About four out of five African American women are overweight or obese. Source: Massachusetts Behavioraland RiskWomens Factor Surveillance System (MABRFSS), 2007 (figure 2) Source: Brigham Hospital (figure 1) 10 Physical Inactivity Reported Exercise in MA Adults in 2002 • Exercise is less prevalent in the African American and Hispanic populations. • Less active, less fit people have a 30-50 percent greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Source: Brigham and Womens Hospital (figure 3) 11 DIABETES Diabetes in MA from 18 2006-2008 Percent 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 MA male MA female White • Massachusetts’ African Americans are 3.2 times more likely to have diabetes than Caucasians. • Approximately 11.4% of all African Americans in MA aged 20 years or older have diabetes. Black Hispanic • Adults with diabetes are 2-4 times as likely to die of heart disease than those without diabetes Source: Brigham Massachusetts and WomensDepartment Hospital (figure of Public 5) Health (BRFSS) (figure 4) 12 High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) • Adults with hypertension are up to 4 times more likely to develop CVD. • African Americans are less likely to have controlled hypertension, with African American women being the least likely. • High blood pressure is more likely to occur at a younger age in the African American population. Source: Brigham and Womens Hospital (figure 6) 13 High Cholesterol • Too much cholesterol in your blood clogs arteries, causing atherosclerosis thus blood flow to the heart muscle is slowed down or blocked. • 10% decrease in cholesterol may reduce the incidence of CVD by 30% 14 Physically Active Be Healthy Cholesterol Do Not Smoke Eat Healthy Maintain Numbers Blood Pressure Normal Weight Reduced Risks Triglycerides 15 There are over 60 types of CVD CVD’s the #1 cause of death for MA women CVD is a disparity for African American Women Women’s diagnoses are different then men’s CVD risk CAN be lowered 16 Works Cited -" Brigham And Women's Hospital - A Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School ." Brigham And Women's Hospital - A Teaching Affiliate of Harvard Medical School . N.p., n.d. Web. 12 July 2011. <http://www.brighamandwomens.org>. (Figure 1,3,5,6) "Cardiovascular Disease Foundation." Cardiovascular Disease Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 July 2011. <http://www.cvdf.org/>. -"Research Activities, April 2011: Disparities/Minority Health: Blacks Less Likely Than Whites to Use Either Statins or Aspirin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease." Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 July 2011. <http://www.ahrq.gov/research/ (figure 4) "Cardiovascular - PubMed Health." National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p (figure 7) "Modified Fat Diet Key to Lowering Heart Disease Risk." Cardiovascular Disease Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.cvdf.org/articletext.aspx?ARTID=352>. (figure 2) 17 Works Cited -"CDC - DHDSP - National Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Program Massachusetts." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 July 2011. <http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/programs/nhdsp_program/ma.htm>. -"Framingham Heart Study." Framingham Heart Study. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 July 2011. <http://www.framinghamheartst -"Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Center - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA." Massachusetts General Hospital Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.massgeneral.org/heartcenter/treatmentprograms.aspx?id=1012>. -"Heart disease - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120>. -"Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiov... [JAMA. 2007] - PubMed result." National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17405972?dopt=Abstract>.