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CLASSICAL INDIA Chapter 3 Geography - set apart from Asia agriculture – Indus & Ganges Aryan conquerors caste system Sanskrit beginnings of Hinduism Why do we know & understand more about early China than we do about early India? • writing came earlier to Chinese (Shang dynasty) • Epic & Vedic times in India – no writing • Zhou dynasty – records (1029-258 BCE) • Han strong (202BCE – 220 CE) • India not strong culture until Gupta – 319 CE • No ethnic consistency in India political eras un-clear empires or small kingdoms invasions from northwest Maurya Dynasty – 322 BCE unifies Persian political models large army bureaucracy autocratic roads Gupta Empire– 320 CE political stability intermarry with local princes Sanskrit overturned by Huns Politically - regionalized diverse political forms 1. Kings with full power 2. assemblies with power 3. mix A. The Indus Valley Civilisation, 2000 BC B. The Maurya Empire, 250 BC C. The Gupta Empire, AD 400 Caste System social bond across diverse country social order rules to regulate life did what a government might do Why did the caste system develop & how was it perpetuated? How did it differ from the organization of Chinese society? • Aryans invade – differentiate from indigenous • regulated social relationships & promote public order (government didn’t have to) • could not move between castes • only way to change through re-incarnation • loyalty to caste • China – government promote public order • could move up class wise (education) • loyalty to father, ancestors, government Hinduism develops over time polytheistic no single founder or central holy figure more compatibility with more people Upanishads – Hindu epic poems Dharma - guide to living - moral consequences of action - need to act Compare the political implications of Hinduism & Confucianism. How does each belief system help explain the political history of its native society in the classical period? • • • • Hinduism – caste system regional landlords religion flexible, individual no elaborate political system • Confucianism – strong central government • big on political system • not really a religion – loyalty to government Buddhism 563 BCE Siddhartha Gautama why is there suffering? 4 Noble Truths attacks caste system 8 Fold Path SE Asia & East Asia What were the chief differences between Buddhism & the developing Hindu tradition? • • • • Buddhism – attacked caste system emphasize rewards of afterlife less emphasis on ceremony re-birth • Hinduism – allowed to carry out daily life & duties without worrying about Nirvana as much • re-incarnation • Buddhism comes from Hinduism • Similarities, wheel of life , lotus, meditation, yoga, ohm Economy & Society caste system strong economy technology chemistry steel strong merchant class