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Monday, February 2nd Bell Work: Please pick up your notebook and the handout from the back table. Take a moment to copy down the EQ and WOD. Then, use the first 15 minutes of class to complete the Bumper Sticker activity as directed. Make sure your work is neat and easily readable. Daily Agenda: Bell Work: Persia Bumper Sticker WOD aloof Discussion: Essay Revisions Activator: Pyramid Review Lecture: Classical Asian Societies Summarizer Essential Question: Why was centralized rule more common in Classical China than India? Homework: Read pgs. 189-201 standing near but apart Pronunciation for Word In the Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald initially portrays Jay Gatsby as the ALOOF host of lavish parties given every week at his ORNATE mansion. Although he is courted by powerful men and beautiful women, Gatsby chooses to remain distant and ALOOF Meet the ALOOF Jay Gatsby at one of his most extravagant parties. Watch the video Read-Aloud 2/2/2015, Block 1 Pyramid Review Pyramid Review Essay Revisions: Essays from your River Valley Civilizations comparison essay have been scored and entered into Skyward The grade for your comparison essay will remain the same unless you choose to edit/revise your essay and resubmit it. You may only resubmit your essay one time and you will receive the new score (whether higher or lower). Essay revisions for Comparison Essay #1 due by Feb. 17th (none will be accepted after this date) Classical Age China Later Zhou Dynasty Period of weak central government Ca 600 BCE, only eight or nine large states remained Warring States Period Large population (There is no point in history in which China has not been the most heavily populated region.) Large, conscripted armies led by professional soldiers Professional governing class developed “The Period of the One Hundred Schools” 551-233 BCE The most creative period in Chinese philosophy All the major schools of Chinese philosophy began Confucianism Kung fu tzu 551-479 BCE “Master Kung” Born in province of Lu Early successful political career Dismissed from government service Became itinerant teacher The Analects Confucius’ teachings, recorded by his students What is the chief goal of Confucianism? An orderly society Hierarchy Patriarchy The Emperor is the father of his people The past is the model for the present The Shi An educated gentleman Kindly to those beneath him Obedient and respectful to those above him Criticism of those above is acceptable if done politely Shi-Bureaucrats Jen Humaneness Humanity, benevolence, goodness, virtue Always follow the highest concepts of behavior, even if impractical or foolish. The Second Sage Mencius (Mong Ka) 372-289 BCE The foremost student of Confucius Righteousness The humaneness (jen) you show to others is influenced by the type of personal relationship you have to that person. Jen is displayed according to your positions and to the obligations you owe to the other. Relationships: Ruler to Subject, Father to Son, Older Brother to Younger Brother, Husband to Wife, Elders to Juniors (Friends) Xunzi (298-238 BCE) The third great Confucian scholar Xunzi’s teachings are called “Legalism” People are fundamentally depraved, selfish, greedy, and lustful How can people be “made” to be good? people could be made good through acculturation and education Xunzi’s pupil Han Fei Tzu believed people are made good by state laws Laws should punish all actions that harm others or the state and reward actions that benefit others or the state. Confucianism and Legalism Compared To Confucius, power is to be wielded for the benefit of the people. To the Legalists, power was to control individual selfishness Legalism’s Influence Utilitarianism: people should have occupations that materially benefit others. “Rule of Law”: Law is supreme over every individual, including rulers Law must be uniformly applied, regardless of social standings (equality before the law) Daoism Laozi 606-530 BCE “The Teachings of the Yellow Emperor and Laozi” Tao te ching The teachings of Laozi Daoism Behind all material things and all change in the world lies one fundamental, universal principle: The Dao (The Way) Characteristics of Daoism Passivity Calm Non-striving (wu wei) Humility Lack of Planning A Daoist Government Would: Not wage war Not be complex Not interfere in people’s lives Serve as a guide, not a governor Later Daoists enocouraged mysticism and magic Many Chinese doctors were Daoists Feng Shui is a version of Daoism popular today. Qin Dynasty China 256-206 BCE Shi Huangdi became “First Emperor” Conquered most of northern China by 221 BCE Qin Developments Centralized government under Legalist principles Standardized weights and measures Public works and building programs Great Wall constructed to prevent invasions by Hsiung-nu The Great Wall Qin Cavalryman and horse Bronze Chariot and Horses of Shi Huangdi Tomb of Shi Huangdi Diagram showing tomb as originally constructed Fall of the Qin Dynasty “Ruthless efficiency” led to harsh, Legalistic rule (book burnings, murder of educated elites, conscription, etc.) Peasant Revolts over heavy taxation, forced labor Qin collapsed in 206 BC, four years after the death of the First Emperor Establishment of Han Dynasty 202 BCE - 220 CE Liu Bang - leads peasant revolts after death of Shi Huangdi 202 BCE - Liu Bang has eliminated almost all of his competition through military might and diplomacy Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE The Classical Period in Chinese history Legalism replaced by Confucianism “Shi-Bureaucrats” ran centralized government Standardization of coinage, weights and measures Han Wudi 141-85 BCE Greatest and most powerful Han Emperor Defeated Hsiung-nu Expanded Chinese territory Increased Chinese influence in Central Asia Helped lead to establishment of the Silk Road Han Society Some lower classes allowed into bureaucracy Strict emphasis on family relationships Women Patriarchal Some could gain influence through male relatives Three main groups: Landowners & educated bureaucrats Peasants and Artisans “Mean People” - merchants, actors, musicians Han Politics/Government Centralized administration, with less brutality than Qin dynasty Improved bureaucracy Attacked warlords/regional princes Focused less on military buildup Emphasized Confucianism - education for bureaucrats Wu Ti - most famous emperor (140-87 BCE) Brought peace to much of Asia Expanded territory Civil Service Examination Han Interactions Expansion into Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia Expanded contact/trade with India and Persian empires Later with Roman Empire Han Culture Treated Confucianism as religion-shrines constructed Gov’t promoted philosophy Continued construction of Great Wall Innovations - Seismograph, anatomical research, hygiene Animal collars Pulleys and gears Increased production of textiles Water-power mills Paper Han Economy Taxes lower than Qin, but get higher as dynasty progresses Copper coins Required people to work on gov’t projects Gov’t influenced and controlled parts of economy Iron and Salt production Weights and Measures Trade - silk, jewelry, leather goods, agricultural goods Public works programs - canal systems Store surplus of rice and grain Classical Age India Culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse 14 major languages (most Indo-European) Indian culture synthesis of Harappan, Aryan, and other influences We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. Albert Einstein. India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition. Mark Twain. If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India . French scholar Romain Rolland. Religions of South Asia Hinduism Early Aryan history known as the “Rig-Vedic” Period (1700-1000 BCE) Rig-Vedas are the earliest religious texts of Hinduism Written in Sanskrit Monotheism or Polytheism? Over 3000 gods and goddesses All considered aspects of Brahma, the overall The Hindu Caste System Brahmin (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers) Vaisyas (merchants) Sudras (peasants and laborers) Untouchables (people without caste, Chandala) The four varnas (castes) originated in the sacrifice of the macrocosmic, primeval man, according to the Rig Veda. Brahmans: Head Kshatriyas: Shoulders Vaisyas: Thighs Sudras: Feet Traditional Functions of the Castes Brahman: priests, thinkers, intellectuals Kshatriyas: rule, protect, maintain order Vaisyas: commerce and agriculture Sudras: more menial tasks Untouchables: work with polluting substances: leather, excrement, filth Castes and Hierarchy Hierarchical rank according to purity and pollution Rituals and ceremonies in each caste serve as caste identifiers Ultimate punishment: excommunication from your caste Consequences of the Caste System Individuals are judged by their caste, not by their abilities. Caste interaction discouraged Benefits the top castes to the detriment of the lower castes Some caste mobility through Sanskritization: groups within castes can gradually raise their status by emulating higher castes over several generations Caste System Legacy The system has survived for centuries, meaning Hindu society remains stable Modern India has legal equality for all and guarantees basic human rights, but cultural discrimination against lower castes and untouchables continues Hindu Religious texts Ramayana Mahabarata Upanishads Written in Sanskrit Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-483 BCE Born the son of a Kshatriya chief At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle in search of Nirvana (Enlightenment) Known as Buddha “The Enlightened One” The Four Noble Truths 1. All human life is suffering 2. All suffering is caused by desire End suffering by ending desire End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Buddhist Practices Selflessness Disapproval of violence, meat eating, animal sacrifice, and war Four Cardinal Virtues: friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or “Universal Soul” Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste system Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal chance to achieve Nirvana (can become monks as well) Two Types of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather than religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced primarily in Sri Lanka Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Buddha became a god, good and devout people can become bhoddisatvas: potential future Buddhas. Mahayana Buddhism spread through India to China, East Asia Emphasis on repetition of prayers and devotions: prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing. Buddhism in the Subcontinent Buddha’s head : 2c Pakistan Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif Indian Contact with outside World Hinduism encouraged pilgrimages Mixing of Aryans with indigenous cultures encouraged syncretism 331 BCE Alexander the Great marched to the edge of India Greek and Indian culture began to intermix Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 BCE Conquered Northern India, Indus Valley Established Mauryan Dynasty Ashoka 272-232 BCE Last of the great Mauryan Emperors Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted to Buddhism Ashoka’s India Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfare State would rule by right or law, not might Religious toleration Better treatment of women and lower castes Encouaged Buddhist expansion throughout India and Asia Asoka’s law code Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. 10 rock edicts. Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high. Buddhist principles dominate his laws. One of Asoka’s Stupas During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined Reasons for India’s Religious Shift After Ashoka Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. He was following the path of the Buddha. He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor. India Under The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 CE Hinduism dominant Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley Economic expansion due to Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade Cultural Flowering Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia International Trade Routes during the Guptas Extensive Trade: 4c spices gold & ivory Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture. 500 healing plants identified Printed medicinal guides Plastic Surgery Gupta Achievements 1000 diseases classified Kalidasa Literature Medicine Inoculations C-sections performed Decimal System Gupta India Mathematics Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Solar Calendar Astronomy The earth is round Cave temple at Elephanta Kalidasa, Gupta India’s greatest writer Greatest of India’s Sanskrit Writers Famous for 3 plays and 2 Epic Poems Mauryan and Gupta Similarities “Theater-State” System: Reign down riches on those areas most loyal 25% Agricultural Tax to finance govt. Government monopolies over key industries (ship building, iron metallurgy, armaments, etc.) Both dynasties fade off into decentralized states (though not a decline in India)