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Chapter 3
China in Antiquity
1
I.
Origins and Myths
a)
b)
II.
III.
Three Sovereigns
Xia
Early Chinese Civilization
Shang Dynasty
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Origins
Political
Economic
Religious
Social Structure
IV. Zhou Dynasty
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Political and Social Structure
Rites of Zhou
Culture and Society
Economic
Religious
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V.
Spring and Autumn, Warring States
a)
b)
c)
d)
Sub periods
Warring States
Emperor Zhou
The Wall
VI. Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy
a)
b)
c)
Confucianism
Legalism
Daoism
VII. Rise of the Qin and Han Dynasty
a)
b)
Qin
Han
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VIII. Daily Life and Culture in Ancient China

a)
- Confucianism
Society and Economy in the Han Empire
i. Peasants
ii. Trade and manufacturing
iii. Technology
I.
b)
c)
d)
Sculpture, Metals, Music, Literature
Family
Humble Estate: Women
Decline and Fall of the Han
i.
ii.
Wang Mang
Cao Cao
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I. Myths and Origins
a)
Three Sovereigns
i. Fu Xi (Fu Hsi)
ii. Shen Nong (Shen Nung)
iii. Huang Di (Huang Ti)
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b) Xia
(Hsia)
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• Origins of Chinese civilization predates the Xia
• 4000 years ago.
• Irrigation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chariots – around mid 2000 BC
Myth, oral history, no archaeological evidence
1959 - Excavations at the city of Yanshi, Lungshan
agrarian people
bronze weapons and pottery
rulers often acted as shamans, communicating with
spirits for help and guidance.
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II.
Early Chinese Civilization
•
•
several hundred thousand years.
Yellow River
–
–
Yangshao
Longshan
•
The Yellow and the Yangtze rivers is where Chinese civilization is
thought to have begun.
•
12 percent of the total land is arable
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• pastoralists
• Geographical barriers
– Isolation
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III. Dawn of Chinese Civilization: Shang Dynasty
(1580 -1050 B.C.)
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• Origins:
– Perhaps Indo-European
• Political:
–
–
–
–
–
Centralized monarchy
Bureaucracy
Ruled by aristocratic class
Territories governed by aristocratic bureaucracy
War – important component, using chariots.
• Economic:
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• Religious
– Sacrifice
– Supernatural beliefs
– Universe divided into two primary forces
– Belief in a hear after
– Ancestor worship
• Social Structures
– Farm unit – basic social unit
– Clans = village
– Village = many farm units
– Communal structure and the importance of
– DURING SHANG dynasty, the structure was well established – villages
organized around clans
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IV.The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 B.C.E.)
a) Political and Social Structures
•
Rites of Zhou
– idea of the Mandate of Heaven.
– Mandate of Heaven had been removed - if they were
overthrown.
–
–
Dao, The Way
Right of Revolution
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c) Culture and Society
–
–
–
–
Zhou adopted much of the Shang lifestyle
bronze vessels
adopted much of the Shang writing system
rituals and administration techniques.
• Zhou began a different form of governing, which
was basically feudal.
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d) Economy
•
“Well field system”
–
•
Communal land organization
Trade and manufacturing
– Silk
•
Agricultural advances
– Land fallow
– wet rice
– Population growth
•
Money economy
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e) Religion:
–
–
banned human sacrifice.
practiced the cult of Heaven.
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V.Spring and Autumn / Warring States
•
•
•
Zhou Dynasty is divided into subperiods.
Zhou emperor steadily lost power
Last stage of the Northern Song (1100-1127) was the darkest and most corrupt period
of the entire dynasty.
•
Warring States is considered the classical age
– great philosophers
– One Hundred Schools Period
– Confucianism
– Taoism
– Legalism
– poetry and prose
– writing down of the laws
– development of iron, and tools made of iron, greatly increased agriculture and
thus population exploded.
Last emperor of the zhou apparently forgot this.
If a king ruled well, natural disasters would befall the people and the people could
theoretically overthrow the emperor to serve heavens purpose.
•
•
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d) GREAT WALL:
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VI. Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy
–
–
–
–
a)
Shang Di – Shang god presiding over forces of
nature
Tian (T’ien) or Heaven
Yang (sun) and Yin (moon)
Yi Jing (I Ching), Book of Changes
Confucianism
–
Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.)
–
Dao (The Way)
–
–
Analects
Mencius (370-29 B.C.E.)
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b) Legalism
c) Daoism
• Lao Tzu (Lao Zi)
• Dao De Jing (The Way of the Tao)
– Popular Daoism
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VII. Rise of the Chinese Empire: Qin and Han
–
a)
Period of Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E.
Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.E.)
–
Qin Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E.)
–
–
Legalism
Centralized state
–
Military expansion
–
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b)The Glorious Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-221 C.E.)
 Fall of the Qin
– Liu Bang (Liu Pang) - AKA Emperor Gao or Han Gaozu (Han Kao Tsu)
• The Han period produced China's most famous historian, Sima Qian (145-87
B.C.?), whose Shiji (Historical Records) provides a detailed chronicle from the
time of a legendary Xia emperor to that of the Han emperor Wu Di (141-87 B.C.).
• Technological advances also marked this period.
• ethnic majority in China - "people of Han"
• Silk Road
• Chinese armies invaded and annexed parts of northern Vietnam and northern
Korea
• "tributary system" - Non-Chinese states were allowed to remain autonomous in
exchange for symbolic acceptance of Han overlordship.
• Several great Chinese inventions, paper and porcelain, the rudder and fore-aft
rigging all date from Han times.
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VIII. Daily Life in Ancient China
•
Confucianism and the State
•
CONFUCIUS and who gets to be in govt / and on what basis?
a) Society and Economy in the Han Empire
i.
Peasants
» Taxes
» Farm plots
» Sold
» Housing
» Diets
» Urban or rural
» Chang’an
ii. Trade and manufacturing
» Silk Road
» Guangzhou (Canton)
iii. Technology
» textile manufacturing, water mills, and iron casting
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– Metalwork and sculpture
• Bronze
– Lacquerware and ceramics
– Language and Literature
• Writing
• Literary Chinese
– Music
• Flutes, stringed instruments, bells and chimes, drums
and gourds
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b) Family
– Filial piety
– Five relationships
– Qin attempt to reduce importance of
family
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c) The Humble Estate: Women in Ancient China
•
•
Subservience
Confucian thought accepted dual roles of men and
women
•
Some women were a force at court
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d) Decline and Fall of the Han
– Wang Mang, 9-23 C.E.
– Cao Cao (Ts’ao Ts’ao)
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