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Global Struggles Unit 7 The Cold War Begins The Early Cold War Years Chapter 22 Section 2 Containing Communism • The Long Telegram – George Kennan – 5,540 word message that explained the Soviet’s view of the world • Russia was insecure and had a fear of the West • Containment - keeping communism within its present territory using all means necessary Containing Communism • Crisis in Iran – During World war II the US has put troops in Southern Iran and the Soviet Union had put troops in northern Iran – After the war the Soviets did not withdraw their troops – Stalin demanded access to Iran’s oil supplies – Soviet troops helped local Communist establish a separate government in the north Containing Communism • The Truman Doctrine – Russia wants to control the Dardanelles because it was a vital route to sea ports – Truman went to Congress to ask for $400 million to fight communism in Greece and Turkey – Goal of the Truman Doctrine • Pledged that the United States would fight the spread of communism worldwide Containing Communism • The Marshall Plan – Postwar Western Europe faced bad problems • Cities were ruined • People were starving – George C. Marshall • Gave European nations American aid to rebuild their economies • The Soviet Union chose not to follow the Marshall Plan Containing Communism • The Berlin Airlift – President Truman believed that Western Europe’s prosperity relied on Germany’s recovery – The Soviets still want their money – US believed the Soviets were trying to undermine Germany’s economy – The US, Great Britain, and France merged their zones together in Germany • This area became known as West Germany Containing Communism • The Berlin Airlift – Soviet troops cut all road and rail traffic to West Berlin – Truman sent bombers with atomic weapons to bases in Britain – Truman ordered the air fore to fly supplies into Berlin • Brought more than 2 million tons of supplies to city Containing Communism • NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Mutual defense alliance • 12 countries – US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, and others • West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO • The Soviet Union responded by organizing a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact The Korean War • The Chinese Revolution – Communist forces were fighting against the Nationalist government – To prevent a communist government the US sent $2 billion in aid but – By 1949 the Communists captured Beijing – The People’s Republic of China – The Soviet Union announced that it had successfully tested its first atomic bomb The Korean War • New Policies in Japan – MacArthur had taken charge of Japan – The mission was to introduce democracy to Japan The Korean War • The Korean War Begins – Divided Korea at the 38th parallel – Soviets controlled the North – Communist • Provided troops • North Korea invaded the South who were poorly equipped – Americans controlled the South • Truman ordered naval and air power to stop communism • Truman sent MacArthur and troops into Korea The Korean War • The Korean War Begins – The American and South Korean Army were pushed back into the Pusan Perimeter but they refused to give up – MacArthur ordered an invasion behind enemy lines which took the North Koreans by surprise • North Korea retreated back across the 38th parallel The Korean War • China Enters the War – China saw the UN Troops as a threat and ordered them to stop or they would attack • China forced the UN Troops back to their 38th parallel • MacArthur wanted to include China in the war against Korea The Korean War • Truman Fires MacArthur – Truman refused to let MacArthur go after China – MacArthur publically criticized the president – Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination – Truman was afraid that war with China would lead to nuclear war The Korean War • Changes in Policy – The Korean War had settled down into small battles – Peace negotiations began in 1951 but an armistice was not signed until 1953 – Until 1950 the US had preferred to use political pressure and economic aid but after the war the US focused on a major military buildup – After the Korean War the US became more militarily involved in Asia The Korean War • SEATO – US signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines and Australia – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization