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The Cold War The United Nations Peace & Security Equal Rights Self Determination International Cooperation General Assembly Security Council 5 Permanent Members Veto Power Truman becomes President Potsdam Conference Stalin reneges on promises of free elections Reparations to be taken from own zones Soviet Satellites The “Iron Curtain” The Truman Doctrine George F. Kennan: Containment Policy US will support free peoples against armed minorities or outside pressure. The Marshall Plan USA to provide aid to Europe Against poverty, hunger, & chaos The Berlin Airlift Stalin blocks access to Berlin Food and Supplies for only 5 Weeks Allies fly supplies in for 327 days Two Germanies Two Germanies Federal Republic of Germany: BRD Democratic Republic of Germany: DDR Konrad Adenauer Wilhelm Pieck The NATO Alliance China goes Communist Viewed as failure of Containment American fear of Communism rises The Korean War The Korean War North Invades, June 25, 1950 Drive deep into South US & UN Enter War Allies drive North back November, 1950 China joins the war 2 Years of Stalemate The Korean War: MacArthur vs Truman 1951: MacArthur calls for attacking China Truman says no MacArthur appeals to press and Republicans MacArthur criticizes President Truman April 11, 1951 Truman fires MacArthur The Korean War: Results There are still 2 Koreas 54,000 American casualties $67 Billion Spent Unsuccessful war unpopular Many Americans vote Republican instead of Democrat in 1952 Eisenhower becomes President Fear of Communism at Home Loyalty Review Board Truman issues Executive Order 9835 Board to investigate “Communists” in Government 3.2 Million investigated 212 Dismissed 2900 Resign Fear of Communism at Home House Un-American Activities Committee Investigated possible Communist activities inside and outside government Hollywood 10: Blacklisted Paul Robeson: Peekskill Riots The Ku Klux Klan organizes protests at Robeson's concert in Peekskill Spies Stun America: Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers, Soviet Spy, Accuses Hiss Spies Stun America: The Rosenbergs Julius & Ethel Rosenberg accused of helping Soviets get the atomic bomb Joseph McCarthy Claimed there were Communists in State Dept Said he had a list of names, but never showed it Many were blacklisted because of suspicion McCarthy’s downfall came when he challenged the Army Race for the Hydrogen Bomb Soviets explode atom bomb in 1949 Both sides race for fusion bomb US test on in 1952 Soviets test on in 1953 Brinkmanship Eisenhower and Dulles Prevent spread of Communism Promise to use all force including Nuclear Weapons against aggressors Both sides began to expand their nuclear arsenals NATO vs The Warsaw Pact Eisenhower Doctrine January 1957, Eisenhower Issues Warning: The United States will defend the Middle East against any attack by any Communist Nation The Suez War, 1956 Canal owned by Britain/France Nasser Nationalizes Canal Won't allow ships trading with Israel to use Canal Israel, France and England use military force to seize canal UN steps in to end fighting, but allows Egypt to keep canal Hungarian Uprising 1956 The Hungarian Uprising, 1956 Liberal Communists under Imre Nagy take power and try to leave Warsaw Pact Soviet Union invades and crushes uprising Nagy executed The Hungarian Uprising, 1956 United Nations condemns invasion Soviet Union vetoes all UN Resolutions US Not willing to risk war to drive Russians out The Space Race: Sputnik, 1957 Russians launch Sputnik, 1st Satellite Shocks the USA, we thought we were far ahead of Soviets in technology Humiliated US launches its 1st Satellite months later The “U2” Incident Soviets had rejected US “Open Skies” proposal in 1955 CIA had been making secret spy flights over Russia Francis Gary Powers and his U2 were shot down April, 1960 Kruschev cancels Geneva Summit, tensions rise