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Global Struggles
Unit 7
The Cold War Begins
The Early Cold War Years
Chapter 22 Section 2
Containing Communism
• The Long Telegram
– George Kennan
– 5,540 word message that explained the Soviet’s
view of the world
• Russia was insecure and had a fear of the West
• Containment - keeping communism within its present
territory using all means necessary
Containing Communism
• Crisis in Iran
– During World war II the US has put troops in
Southern Iran and the Soviet Union had put troops
in northern Iran
– After the war the Soviets did not withdraw their
troops
– Stalin demanded access to Iran’s oil supplies
– Soviet troops helped local Communist establish a
separate government in the north
Containing Communism
• The Truman Doctrine
– Russia wants to control the Dardanelles because it
was a vital route to sea ports
– Truman went to Congress to ask for $400 million
to fight communism in Greece and Turkey
– Goal of the Truman Doctrine
• Pledged that the United States would fight the spread
of communism worldwide
Containing Communism
• The Marshall Plan
– Postwar Western Europe faced bad problems
• Cities were ruined
• People were starving
– George C. Marshall
• Gave European nations American aid to rebuild their
economies
• The Soviet Union chose not to follow the Marshall Plan
Containing Communism
• The Berlin Airlift
– President Truman believed that Western Europe’s
prosperity relied on Germany’s recovery
– The Soviets still want their money
– US believed the Soviets were trying to undermine
Germany’s economy
– The US, Great Britain, and France merged their
zones together in Germany
• This area became known as West Germany
Containing Communism
• The Berlin Airlift
– Soviet troops cut all road and rail traffic to West
Berlin
– Truman sent bombers with atomic weapons to
bases in Britain
– Truman ordered the air fore to fly supplies into
Berlin
• Brought more than 2 million tons of supplies to city
Containing Communism
• NATO
– North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Mutual defense alliance
• 12 countries – US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, and
others
• West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO
• The Soviet Union responded by organizing a military
alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact
The Korean War
• The Chinese Revolution
– Communist forces were fighting against the
Nationalist government
– To prevent a communist government the US sent
$2 billion in aid but
– By 1949 the Communists captured Beijing
– The People’s Republic of China
– The Soviet Union announced that it had
successfully tested its first atomic bomb
The Korean War
• New Policies in Japan
– MacArthur had taken charge of Japan
– The mission was to introduce democracy to Japan
The Korean War
• The Korean War Begins
– Divided Korea at the 38th parallel
– Soviets controlled the North – Communist
• Provided troops
• North Korea invaded the South who were poorly
equipped
– Americans controlled the South
• Truman ordered naval and air power to stop
communism
• Truman sent MacArthur and troops into Korea
The Korean War
• The Korean War Begins
– The American and South Korean Army were
pushed back into the Pusan Perimeter but they
refused to give up
– MacArthur ordered an invasion behind enemy
lines which took the North Koreans by surprise
• North Korea retreated back across the 38th parallel
The Korean War
• China Enters the War
– China saw the UN Troops as a threat and ordered
them to stop or they would attack
• China forced the UN Troops back to their 38th parallel
• MacArthur wanted to include China in the war against
Korea
The Korean War
• Truman Fires MacArthur
– Truman refused to let MacArthur go after China
– MacArthur publically criticized the president
– Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination
– Truman was afraid that war with China would lead
to nuclear war
The Korean War
• Changes in Policy
– The Korean War had settled down into small
battles
– Peace negotiations began in 1951 but an armistice
was not signed until 1953
– Until 1950 the US had preferred to use political
pressure and economic aid but after the war the
US focused on a major military buildup
– After the Korean War the US became more
militarily involved in Asia
The Korean War
• SEATO
– US signed defense agreements with Japan, South
Korea, Taiwan, Philippines and Australia
– Southeast Asia Treaty Organization