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America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 19 The Cold War (1945–1960) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960) Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up Section 3: The Korean War Section 4: The Continuing Cold War Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Origins of the Cold War Chapter 26, Section 1 • Why was 1945 a critical year in United States ________________ relations? • What were the postwar goals of the United States and the ________________? • How did the ________________ ________________ tighten the Soviet Union’s hold over Eastern Europe? • How did the Truman ________________ complement the policy of containment? 1945—A Critical Year Chapter 26, Section 1 • • • • As the end of World War II approached, relations between the Communist Soviet Union and its ________________ allies, the United States and Great Britain, grew increasingly ________________. At a meeting at ________________ in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on the postwar division of Germany but disagreed on the future of ________________. In April, representatives of 50 ________________, including the United States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization dedicated to cooperation in solving ________________ problems. On April 12, ________________ died unexpectedly, making Vice President Truman the new President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s negotiations with Stalin at the ________________ Conference in July. Conflicting Postwar Goals American and Soviet Goals Chapter 26, Section 1 American Goals • Wanted conquered ________________ nations to experience the democracy and ________________ opportunity that the United States had fought for during the war • Wanted to develop strong ________________ economies, which would provide good markets for American ________________. Soviet Goals • • • Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways that would help the Soviet Union recover from the huge ________________ it suffered during the war Wanted to establish Soviet ________________ nations, countries subject to Soviet ________________ and sympathetic to Soviet ________________ Wanted to promote the spread of ________________ throughout the world Soviets Tighten Their Hold Chapter 26, Section 1 Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe • Albania and Bulgaria: Communists secure ________________ by silencing opposition in Albania; Soviet ________________ seize Bulgaria. • Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain ________________, Czechoslovakia became a Soviet ________________ nation in 1948. • Hungary and Romania: By ________________ anti-Communist leaders in Hungary and ________________ the appointment of a Communist prime minister in Romania, Communists achieved power in both nations. • East Germany: To make sure Germany could not ________________ his nation again, Stalin established a ________________ government, naming the state the German Democratic Republic. • Finland and Yugoslavia: Both countries maintained their ________________ from Soviet control - Finland, by signing a ________________ of cooperation, and Yugoslavia, by following the leadership of ________________. The Iron Curtain Chapter 26, Section 1 Churchill coined the phrase ___________ curtain to describe the geographic and political divisions between Communist and ____________ nations in Europe. Containment and the Truman Doctrine Chapter 26, Section 1 • The ________________ between the United States and the Soviet Union for world ________________ came to be known as the Cold War. • The American policy of ________________ accepted the fact that Eastern Europe was under ________________ control, but sought to prevent ________________ governments from forming elsewhere in the world. • The ________________ Doctrine, which applied the principles of containment, stated that the United States would support free peoples who resist attempted ________________. The Truman Doctrine was first applied in the cases of ________________ and Turkey. The Cold War Heats Up Chapter 26, Section 2 • How did the ________________ Plan, the Berlin airlift, and ________________ help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? • How did ________________ advances affect American foreign policy? • How did the Cold War affect American life at home? The Marshall Plan Chapter 26, Section 2 • The United States wanted to help ________________ nations recover from the war and become ________________ strong democracies. It also wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in ________________. • The ________________ Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to achieve these goals. According to the ________________ Plan, participating nations would design ________________ programs and would receive ________________ aid from the United States. • Seventeen Western ________________ nations joined the plan, receiving a total of ________ billion in aid. The Berlin Airlift Chapter 26, Section 2 • As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of ________________, located in ________________ East Germany, was divided into ________________ Berlin (capitalist) and ________________ Berlin (Communist). • In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to ________________ Berlin through East Germany, creating a blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city. • In response, Allied nations began the ________________ airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West Berlin via air. • Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War ________________. NATO Chapter 26, Section 2 Why create a treaty organization? • Soviet ________________ prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems. • The United States sought to avoid the problems of post– World War I ________________. • The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A ________________ role in the treaty organization would be vital. What was NATO? • The ________________ ________________ Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in April 1949. • In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against attack, a principle known as ________________ security. • In response, the Soviet Union created the ________________ Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations. Communist Advances Chapter 26, Section 2 The Soviet Atomic Threat • In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb. • In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful ________________ bomb, reestablishing itself as the world’s leading ________________ power. • The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a ________________ attack; this information was ridiculed by experts. China Falls to the Communists • During World War II, competing factions in China had ________________, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war. • At first, the United States supported ________________ leader Jiang Jieshi against ________________ Mao Zedong. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead. • Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a ________________ state in China as a failure of ________________ policies. The Cold War at Home Chapter 26, Section 2 • • • • During the late 1940s, fear of ________________ spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States. Truman established a federal ________________ loyalty program in 1947, checking the ________________ of all new and existing federal ________________. The House ________________ Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating ________________ personalities who the committee claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the ________________ Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and ________________. ________________ studios compiled a ________________, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired. ________________ individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed ________________. The Cold War at Home Chapter 26, Section 2 • Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 ________________ Act reestablished the ________________ quota system from 1924. This act discriminated against potential ________________ from Asia and Southern and Central Europe. • Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that ________________ spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign ________________. These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel ________________. The Korean War Chapter 26, Section 3 • How did ________________ expansion in ________________ set the stage for the Korean War? • Who fought in the Korean War, and what were the ________________ stages of the war? • What were the ________________ of the Korean War? Communist Expansion in Asia Chapter 26, Section 3 The ________________ Civil War • Civil war began in the mid-1920s and intensified after World War II. • Mao ________________ won support for the Communists by ________________ land and offering schooling and ________________. • Jiang Jieshi’s ________________ Party lost support because of harsh treatment of the ________________, high taxes, and ________________. • When the Communists took power in 1949, the Nationalists fled to ________________. The Division of Korea • World War II ended before a plan could be made for Korean ________________ from Japan. • Korea was temporarily divided at the ________________ parallel, the latitude line running through approximately the midpoint of the ________________. • A pro-American government formed in ________________ Korea, while a Communist government formed in ________________ Korea. The Korean Conflict Chapter 26, Section 3 • • • • In June 1950, the Korean War broke out when ________________ Korean troops invaded ________________ Korea, aiming to reunite the nation by force. A ________ resolution, which passed because the Soviets were not there to ________________ it, called on member states to defend South Korea and restore peace. Roughly ________ percent of the troops who served in the resulting UN police action were ________________. By attacking North Korean ________________ lines, General Douglas MacArthur was able to gain an ________________ and push north. However, a ________________ developed after ________________ helped the North Koreans push the UN forces back into South Korea. A ________________ signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near the thirty eighth parallel. The Effects of the Korean War Chapter 26, Section 3 Post-Korean War Changes in America • Warfare — Limited ________________, limited ________________ • Integration of the Military — First war in which ________________ Americans and ________________ Americans served in the same units • Increased Power of the Military — A ________________ complex developed as the military established links with the ________________ and ________________ communities. • Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace treaty signed with ________________; relations worsen with Communist ________________ The Continuing Cold War Chapter 26, Section 4 • What were the characteristics of the ________________ era? • How was the Cold War waged in ________________ Asia, the ________________ East, and ________________ America during the 1950s? • How did the ________________ race develop? The McCarthy Era Chapter 26, Section 4 McCarthy’s Rise to Power • ________________ Senator Joseph McCarthy, up for reelection raised the specter of ________________ conspiracies within the United States. • McCarthy produced a list of ________________ names of presumed ________________ government ________________. Later, when scrutinized, this list was reduced to 57. • Although McCarthy’s accusations were usually ________________ and could not be ________________, few were willing to risk their ________________ by speaking out against him. McCarthy’s Fall • In early 1954, ________________, the name given to McCarthy’s ________________, reached the army. • Democrats asked that the hearings between McCarthy and the ________________be televised, hoping to swing popular ________________against McCarthy. • By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his strongest ________________. The Senate formally ________________him for his actions. The Cold War in the 1950s Chapter 26, Section 4 United States involvement around the world, 1947–1956 • Eastern Europe — Wary of war with the ________________, America did not ________________uprisings in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary. • Southeast Asia — Korean War ends; former French colony of ________________is divided into ________________North and ________________ South. • Middle East — United States supports ________________, backs groups that restore a pro-American Shah in ________________; the Suez Crisis in ________________ erupts. • Latin America — Organization of ________________ States (OAS) is created; American aid helps ________________ leaders gain and retain power. The Arms Race Chapter 26, Section 4 • Throughout the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in an ________________ race, a struggle to gain ________________ superiority. • ________________, the policy of maintaining a military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack for ________________ of retaliation, resulted in the escalating development of powerful ________________ weapons. • The American policy of ________________ involved bringing the United States to the ________________ of war without actually entering into ________________ . The Arms Race in the Skies Chapter 26, Section 4 • To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union developed long-range ________________ known as ________________ ballistic missiles, or ICBMs. • In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite ________________ , the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. • When a Soviet guided missile shot down an ________________ U-2 spy plane, the resulting U-2 ________________ shattered American confidence and prompted a desire to match—and ________________ — Soviet ________________ technology.