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America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 19
The Cold War
(1945–1960)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.
Origins of the Cold War
Chapter 26, Section 1
• Why was 1945 a critical year in United States
________________ relations?
• What were the postwar goals of the United States and
the ________________?
• How did the ________________ ________________
tighten the Soviet Union’s hold over Eastern Europe?
• How did the Truman ________________ complement
the policy of containment?
1945—A Critical Year
Chapter 26, Section 1
•
•
•
•
As the end of World War II approached, relations between the
Communist Soviet Union and its ________________ allies, the United
States and Great Britain, grew increasingly ________________.
At a meeting at ________________ in February, Roosevelt, Churchill,
and Stalin agreed on the postwar division of Germany but disagreed
on the future of ________________.
In April, representatives of 50 ________________, including the United
States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization
dedicated to cooperation in solving ________________ problems.
On April 12, ________________ died unexpectedly, making Vice
President Truman the new President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s
negotiations with Stalin at the ________________ Conference in July.
Conflicting Postwar Goals
American and Soviet Goals
Chapter 26, Section 1
American Goals
• Wanted conquered
________________ nations to
experience the democracy
and ________________
opportunity that the United
States had fought for during
the war
• Wanted to develop strong
________________
economies, which would
provide good markets for
American ________________.
Soviet Goals
•
•
•
Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways
that would help the Soviet Union
recover from the huge
________________ it suffered
during the war
Wanted to establish Soviet
________________ nations,
countries subject to Soviet
________________ and
sympathetic to Soviet
________________
Wanted to promote the spread of
________________ throughout
the world
Soviets Tighten Their Hold
Chapter 26, Section 1
Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe
• Albania and Bulgaria: Communists secure ________________ by silencing
opposition in Albania; Soviet ________________ seize Bulgaria.
• Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain ________________,
Czechoslovakia became a Soviet ________________ nation in 1948.
• Hungary and Romania: By ________________ anti-Communist leaders in
Hungary and ________________ the appointment of a Communist prime
minister in Romania, Communists achieved power in both nations.
• East Germany: To make sure Germany could not ________________ his nation
again, Stalin established a ________________ government, naming the state
the German Democratic Republic.
• Finland and Yugoslavia: Both countries maintained their ________________
from Soviet control - Finland, by signing a ________________ of cooperation,
and Yugoslavia, by following the leadership of ________________.
The Iron Curtain
Chapter 26, Section 1
Churchill coined the
phrase ___________
curtain to describe
the geographic and
political divisions
between Communist
and ____________
nations in Europe.
Containment and the Truman Doctrine
Chapter 26, Section 1
• The ________________ between the United States and the
Soviet Union for world ________________ came to be
known as the Cold War.
• The American policy of ________________ accepted the
fact that Eastern Europe was under ________________
control, but sought to prevent ________________
governments from forming elsewhere in the world.
• The ________________ Doctrine, which applied the
principles of containment, stated that the United States
would support free peoples who resist attempted
________________. The Truman Doctrine was first applied
in the cases of ________________ and Turkey.
The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 26, Section 2
• How did the ________________ Plan, the Berlin
airlift, and ________________ help to achieve
American goals in postwar Europe?
• How did ________________ advances affect
American foreign policy?
• How did the Cold War affect American life at home?
The Marshall Plan
Chapter 26, Section 2
• The United States wanted to help ________________
nations recover from the war and become
________________ strong democracies. It also wanted to
prevent Communists from continuing to gain power in
________________.
• The ________________ Plan was created in 1947 by U.S.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to
achieve these goals. According to the ________________
Plan, participating nations would design ________________
programs and would receive ________________ aid from
the United States.
• Seventeen Western ________________ nations joined the
plan, receiving a total of ________ billion in aid.
The Berlin Airlift
Chapter 26, Section 2
• As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of
________________, located in ________________ East
Germany, was divided into ________________ Berlin
(capitalist) and ________________ Berlin (Communist).
• In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to
________________ Berlin through East Germany, creating a
blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.
• In response, Allied nations began the ________________
airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food and other
supplies to West Berlin via air.
• Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin
remained a focal point of Cold War ________________.
NATO
Chapter 26, Section 2
Why create a treaty organization?
• Soviet ________________
prevented the United Nations
from resolving a number of
postwar problems.
• The United States sought to
avoid the problems of post–
World War I ________________.
• The United States did not want to
be the only nation in the Western
Hemisphere committed to
fighting communism. A
________________ role in the
treaty organization would be vital.
What was NATO?
• The ________________
________________ Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed
in April 1949.
• In joining NATO, the United
States, Canada, and ten Western
European nations pledged to
support one another against
attack, a principle known as
________________ security.
• In response, the Soviet Union
created the ________________
Pact, a military alliance between
the Soviet Union and its satellite
nations.
Communist Advances
Chapter 26, Section 2
The Soviet Atomic Threat
• In September 1949, Truman
announced that the Soviet Union
had successfully tested an atomic
bomb.
• In response, the United States
began developing the even more
powerful ________________ bomb,
reestablishing itself as the world’s
leading ________________ power.
• The newly formed Federal Civil
Defense Administration distributed
information on how to survive a
________________ attack; this
information was ridiculed by
experts.
China Falls to the Communists
• During World War II, competing
factions in China had
________________, but fighting
between them resumed towards the
end of the war.
• At first, the United States supported
________________ leader Jiang
Jieshi against ________________
Mao Zedong. However, the United
States later decided to focus on
Western Europe instead.
• Many Americans viewed Mao
Zedong’s creation of a
________________ state in China
as a failure of ________________
policies.
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 26, Section 2
•
•
•
•
During the late 1940s, fear of ________________ spies created a
climate of suspicion in the United States.
Truman established a federal ________________ loyalty program
in 1947, checking the ________________ of all new and existing
federal ________________.
The House ________________ Activities Committee (HUAC) began
investigating ________________ personalities who the committee
claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as
the ________________ Ten, refused to answer HUAC’s questions,
they were cited for contempt of Congress and ________________.
________________ studios compiled a ________________, a list
circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired.
________________ individuals came from all sections of the
industry and included anyone who seemed ________________.
The Cold War at Home
Chapter 26, Section 2
• Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from
Communist countries, the 1952 ________________
Act reestablished the ________________ quota
system from 1924. This act discriminated against
potential ________________ from Asia and Southern
and Central Europe.
• Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that
________________ spies in the United States were
sharing American secrets with foreign
________________. These were the cases of Alger
Hiss and of Julius and Ethel ________________.
The Korean War
Chapter 26, Section 3
• How did ________________ expansion in
________________ set the stage for the Korean
War?
• Who fought in the Korean War, and what were the
________________ stages of the war?
• What were the ________________ of the Korean
War?
Communist Expansion in Asia
Chapter 26, Section 3
The ________________ Civil War
• Civil war began in the mid-1920s
and intensified after World War II.
• Mao ________________ won
support for the Communists by
________________ land and
offering schooling and
________________.
• Jiang Jieshi’s ________________
Party lost support because of
harsh treatment of the
________________, high taxes,
and ________________.
• When the Communists took
power in 1949, the Nationalists
fled to ________________.
The Division of Korea
• World War II ended before a plan
could be made for Korean
________________ from Japan.
• Korea was temporarily divided at
the ________________ parallel,
the latitude line running through
approximately the midpoint of the
________________.
• A pro-American government
formed in ________________
Korea, while a Communist
government formed in
________________ Korea.
The Korean Conflict
Chapter 26, Section 3
•
•
•
•
In June 1950, the Korean War broke out when ________________
Korean troops invaded ________________ Korea, aiming to
reunite the nation by force.
A ________ resolution, which passed because the Soviets were
not there to ________________ it, called on member states to
defend South Korea and restore peace. Roughly ________
percent of the troops who served in the resulting UN police action
were ________________.
By attacking North Korean ________________ lines, General
Douglas MacArthur was able to gain an ________________ and
push north. However, a ________________ developed after
________________ helped the North Koreans push the UN forces
back into South Korea.
A ________________ signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near
the thirty eighth parallel.
The Effects of the Korean War
Chapter 26, Section 3
Post-Korean War Changes in America
• Warfare — Limited ________________, limited
________________
• Integration of the Military — First war in which
________________ Americans and ________________
Americans served in the same units
• Increased Power of the Military — A ________________
complex developed as the military established links with
the ________________ and ________________
communities.
• Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace treaty
signed with ________________; relations worsen with
Communist ________________
The Continuing Cold War
Chapter 26, Section 4
• What were the characteristics of the
________________ era?
• How was the Cold War waged in ________________
Asia, the ________________ East, and
________________ America during the 1950s?
• How did the ________________ race develop?
The McCarthy Era
Chapter 26, Section 4
McCarthy’s Rise to Power
• ________________ Senator Joseph
McCarthy, up for reelection raised
the specter of ________________
conspiracies within the United
States.
• McCarthy produced a list of
________________ names of
presumed ________________
government ________________.
Later, when scrutinized, this list
was reduced to 57.
• Although McCarthy’s accusations
were usually ________________
and could not be
________________, few were willing
to risk their ________________ by
speaking out against him.
McCarthy’s Fall
• In early 1954, ________________,
the name given to McCarthy’s
________________, reached the
army.
• Democrats asked that the hearings
between McCarthy and the
________________be televised,
hoping to swing popular
________________against
McCarthy.
• By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had
lost even his strongest
________________. The Senate
formally ________________him for
his actions.
The Cold War in the 1950s
Chapter 26, Section 4
United States involvement around the world, 1947–1956
• Eastern Europe — Wary of war with the ________________,
America did not ________________uprisings in East Germany,
Poland, and Hungary.
• Southeast Asia — Korean War ends; former French colony of
________________is divided into ________________North and
________________ South.
• Middle East — United States supports ________________, backs
groups that restore a pro-American Shah in ________________;
the Suez Crisis in ________________ erupts.
• Latin America — Organization of ________________ States (OAS)
is created; American aid helps ________________ leaders gain
and retain power.
The Arms Race
Chapter 26, Section 4
• Throughout the 1950s, the United States and the
Soviet Union competed in an ________________ race,
a struggle to gain ________________ superiority.
• ________________, the policy of maintaining a
military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack
for ________________ of retaliation, resulted in the
escalating development of powerful
________________ weapons.
• The American policy of ________________ involved
bringing the United States to the ________________ of
war without actually entering into ________________ .
The Arms Race in the Skies
Chapter 26, Section 4
• To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union
developed long-range ________________ known as
________________ ballistic missiles, or ICBMs.
• In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the
Soviet satellite ________________ , the first artificial
satellite to orbit Earth.
• When a Soviet guided missile shot down an
________________ U-2 spy plane, the resulting U-2
________________ shattered American confidence and
prompted a desire to match—and ________________ —
Soviet ________________ technology.