Download The Building of a New Nation (1787-1800)

The Building of a New
Nation (1787-1800)
I. Articles of Confederation
1.
2.
1781
Provided:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Central government
Unicameral legislative branch
Unanimous vote to amend
2/3 needed to pass laws
Articles of Confederation (cont’d)
3. Some weaknesses
1.
No power to tax
2.
No power to enforce
treaties
3.
Every state has 1
vote
4.
No power to regulate
commerce
5.
Unanimous vote to
amend
4.
Problem Created
1. Growing debt; can’t
pay army.
2. Britain keeps troop on
American soil. (They
should’ve left)
3. Unequal representation
4. Trade hindered
5. Difficult to amend
II. Post-War Problems
1.
2.
Economic depression
Sovereignty of the U.S. challenged
1. Britain kept navigation laws
2. Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. trade
3. Barbary Pirates—
North Africans;
took advantage of
lack of British
presence.
4. These problems
cause the colonies
to repair the
weakened A.O.C.
III. New Laws
1.
Land Ordinance of 1785
1. New townships set aside land for
public education
2. Sale of public land to pay off national
debt
2.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
1. Territories w/60,000 apply for
statehood
2. Equal status w/ other states
3. Banned slavery North of Ohio River
IV. Shay’s Rebellion & its
Aftermath
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Daniel Shays
High taxes, debtor prisons, lack of
valuable currency
1786—Demanded restitution & tax
relief
Congress failed to ensure states
could protect the rights & liberties
of their own citizens
The A.O.C need to be fixed!!!
V. Constitutional Convention
(Philadelphia Convention)
1.
2.
3.
May 25, 1787—55 delegates from all
states but RI met.
Washington elected chairperson
James Madison, delegate from VA,
became the leading voice.
1. Central Government—power would exceed
the power of the states
2. Separation of Powers—exec., leg., & jud.
branches
3. “Factions”—strong national gov. keep these
views in check.
4. A.O.C would be thrown out!!!!
VI. A Great Compromise is
Reached
1.
2.
3.
State representation in the
legislative branch?
Virginia Plan Edmund Randolph,
larger states
May 29, 1787—rep.based solely on
population.
A Great Compromise is Reached
(cont’d)
3.
New Jersey Plan—William Patterson
1. Equal representation
2. Unicameral House
4.
June 11, 1787—Roger Shermanthe
Great Compromise (Connecticut
Compromise)
1. House of Reps.: based on the pop. of states
2. House of Senate: equal representation;
regardless of state population.
VII. An Executive Decision and the
3/5 Compromise
1.
2.
3.
Pres. elected by a rep.body; not a
popular vote---avoid “mobocracy”
Electoral College—cast votes as
reps. of their states.
Presidential Powers:
1. Commander in Chief of the Armed
Forces
2. Chief Diplomat
3. Veto legislation.
3/5 Compromise
4.
5.
What about the slaves?
3/5—Southern slaves would be
counted as 3/5 a citizen
1. A deal for passing the Northwest
Ordinance
2. 1808—South ended legal importation
of slaves
VIII. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
1.
2.
3.
4.
Problems in ratifying.
9 of the 13 colonies required to ratify.
Many feared the return of tyranny
Federalists
1. In favor of the Constitution
2. Strong central government
5.
Anti-Federalists
1. Opposed the Constitution
2. In favor of strong states’ rights
Ratifying the Constitution (cont’d)
6.
VA was critical.
1. Most populous state
2. Largest number of Anti-Federalists
3. Bill of Rights
1.
2.
Individual freedoms
State sovereignty
The Federalist Papers
7.
Encourage NY Ratification
1. Madison, Hamilton, Jay85 essays
2. The Federalist Papers
1.
2.
Ratify the Constitution
Refuted doubts about a central gov. ruling
a vast land
IX. Structuring the New Republic
1.
April 30, 1789
1. Washington takes office
2. John Adams VP
3. Washington sets precedents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Secretary of State-Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury-Hamilton
Secretary of War- Knox
Attorney General-Randolph
4. “Cabinet”—these 4 men
Judiciary Act of 1789
2.
Established:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Supreme Court
One presiding chief justice
5 associate justices
13 district courts
3 circuit courts of appeal
X. Hamilton Fixes Finances
1.
Report on Public Credit (1790)
1. Monetary/Fiscal Policy favor the
richthey spend in the
economystimulate domestic growth
2.
Report on Manufactures(1791)
1. Protect the infant industrialization of
the U.S.
2. Strong protective tariffs
Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)
3.
5 components:
1. Boost national credit
2. “Father/Son” relationship between
states and federal government
3. Heavy tariffs on imported goods
4. Excise taxes on whiskey
5. National bank
Hamilton Fixes Finances (cont’d)
4.
Fed. Gov. assume all state debts
1. Capital on the banks of the Potomac
River
5.
Revenue Act of 1789
1. 8% tariff on imports
2. Such goods as whiskey to make up the
shortfall in revenue
XI. The Bank of the United States
(BUS)
1.
National treasury would keep its deposits
in the bank
1. Keep the funds safe & available as loanable
funds
2.
Jefferson opposed
1. Strict Constructionist—Strict interpretation of
the constitution.
3.
Hamilton support the BUS
1. Loose Constructionist—Loose interpretation
of the Constitution
The Bank of the United States
(BUS) (cont’d)
4.
5.
6.
Elastic Clause—Granted Congress
“implied powers” to pass laws that
were “necessary & proper” to run
the country effectively.
Washington agreed with Hamilton;
signs the bank into law in 1791.
Party system arises
The Bank of the United States
(BUS) (cont’d)
7.
Democratic-Republicans
1. Thomas Jefferson
2. Limit the powers of the central gov.
3. Greater state’s rights
8.
Federalists
1. Strong national gov.
2. Powers supreme over the states
XII. Development of Foreign Policy
1.
French Revolution (1789-1793)
1. Jeffersonuphold the Franco-American
alliance in 1778
2. Hamiltonneutral to maintain trade relations
with Britain.
2.
3.
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
French & British began seizing American
ships in the Atlantic
1. Seize the cargo
2. Impress sailors into military service
Development of Foreign Policy
(cont’d)
4.
Chief Justice John Jay
1. Negotiate with the British to reaffirm
U.S. neutrality
2. Removal of British forts in the West.
5.
Pinckney’s Treaty
1. Settlement boundary
2. Navigation on the Mississippi River
3. Use of the Port of New Orleans
Development of Foreign Policy
(cont’d)
6.
Washington’s Farewell Address
1.
2.
3.
4.
Left office in 1797
Remain neutral in European affairs!
Avoid entangling alliances
Refrain from “factions” or political
parties
XIII. Internal Issues Facing the
New Government
1.
2.
3.
4.
Threat of Indian attack
Insurrection by angry citizens
Settlement of western lands
Treaty of Greenville
1. Shawnee, Miami give up lands in Ohio
& Indiana.
Internal Issues Facing the New
Government (cont’d)
5.
Whiskey Rebellion
1. Excise Tax on whiskey
2. Farmers protested violently
3. Significance:
1.
2.
Pres. Washington put down the rebellion
New fed. Gov. had the power to maintain
peace.
X. Adams as 2nd President
1.
2.
Pres. Adams; VP Jefferson
XYZ Affair
1. 1797—stop the seizing of American
vessels by the French
2. French agents X, Y, Z
3. U.S. refused to bribe
XYZ Affair (cont’d)
3.
“Quasi-War”
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
Hamilton calls for military action
1798-1800
West Indies
U.S. vs. French
Convention of 1800
1. Ended Franco-American alliance
2. U.S. pay for damaged French vessels
3. Avoid all-out war
XI. Alien and Sedition Acts
1.
2.
Federalists aimed to silence
opposition
Alien Acts
1. Residency requirements; 5 to 14 years
2. President power to detain &/or deport
enemy aliens in times of war
3.
Sedition Act
1. Illegal to criticize the Pres. or Congress
2. Heavy fine or imprisonment
4.
Theory of nullification
1. States pass their own laws to nullify
the Alien & Sedition Acts
5. Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
1.
2.
The states, not the Supreme Court, were
the final judges of the limits of federal
power
States were justified in declaring federal
law null and void