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Objectives
• Describe the outcome of the election of 1800.
• Explain Jefferson’s policies as President.
• Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison.
Terms and People
• Thomas Jefferson – third President of the
United States, elected in 1800
• Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the
1800 election
• laissez faire – the idea that the government
should not interfere in the economy
• John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court under President Jefferson
• judicial review – the authority of the Supreme
Court to strike down unconstitutional laws
How did Jefferson chart a new course
for the government?
In 1800, President John Adams ran for
reelection against Thomas Jefferson.
Federalists supported
John Adams.
Republicans
supported Thomas
Jefferson.
The election of 1800 was viciously contested.
Federalists
threatened
civil war if
Jefferson
were elected.
Republicans
accused John
Adams of
creating a
monarchy.
By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson
defeated Adams.
However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron
Burr, received the same number of votes.
Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes
Aaron Burr - 73 Votes
Jefferson
The House of Representatives had to break the
tie. They voted for Jefferson to be President
and Burr to be Vice President.
To avoid this situation in the future, Congress
passed the Twelfth Amendment.
Twelfth Amendment
From 1804 on, electors would
vote separately for President
and Vice President.
Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated
in Washington, D.C., the new capital.
Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony.
At Jefferson’s
In the inauguration:
past:
Jefferson
The
President
walked
rode
to to
the
the
ceremony.
inauguration in a fancy carriage.
People did not bow. They shook
People bowed
Jefferson’s
hand.
to the President.
In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all
Americans to unite.
Jefferson thought of his election as the
“Revolution of 1800.”
Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of
George Washington and John Adams.
His first goal was
to limit the power
of the federal
government.
He believed in the
idea of laissez
faire, from the
French term for
“let alone.”
Jefferson created new Republican policies and
kept some existing Federalist policies.
Republican
Federalist
Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he
had long opposed.
Many people had
been convicted
and fined under
the act.
Jefferson ordered the
fines refunded.
Others had been
imprisoned.
Jefferson released
the prisoners.
One Federalist who did not keep his job was Judge
William Marbury.
Adams had
appointed
Marbury and
other judges in
his last hours as
President.
When Jefferson took
office, he ordered
Secretary of State
James Madison to
cease work on the
appointments.
Jefferson’s decision led to the landmark Supreme
Court case, Marbury v. Madison.
William Marbury
sued James
Madison.
Marbury cited the
Judiciary Act of
1789.
This act gave
the Supreme
Court the
power to
review any
case against a
federal official.
In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court
ruled that the Judiciary Act was
unconstitutional.
Under
The
ruling
the Judiciary
stated
that the Supreme
Act,
Court’s
power came
Court’s
powerfrom
came
the Constitution,
from
Congress. not
Congress.
Supreme Court
Congress
Constitution
Therefore, Congress did not have the right to give
power to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act.
Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to
establish the principle of judicial review.
This gives the Supreme
Court the authority to
strike down
unconstitutional laws.
Unconstitutional
laws
Judicial review remains one of the most
important powers of the Supreme Court.
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
What was the importance of the purchase
and exploration of the Louisiana
Territory?
The tide of westward settlement
speeded up in the years after
America’s independence.
By 1800, more than one million settlers lived
between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River.
Most western settlers were farmers who relied on
the Mississippi River.
Farmers shipped goods
down the Mississippi to
the port of New Orleans.
From there, goods were
loaded on ships and
carried to markets
across the Atlantic.
Spain, which controlled
the Mississippi River
and New Orleans,
threatened to close the
port to American ships.
To prevent this, the
U.S. negotiated the
Pinckney Treaty with
Spain in 1795.
Pinckney Treaty
This treaty
guaranteed
Americans’ right to
ship goods down
the Mississippi River
to New Orleans.
Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain
withdrew Americans’ right to ship goods through
New Orleans.
Westerners
demanded war with
Spain.
To make matters worse, Jefferson learned
that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana
Territory to France.
French territory
Jefferson feared
that France
would become
dominant in
America, as it
was becoming in
Europe.
If this happened,
westward expansion of
the United States
would be blocked.
Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from
the French.
He sent James
Monroe and
Robert Livingston
to Paris to make
a deal.
When they arrived in
France, they
discovered that the
situation had shifted
yet again.
The French had been driven from their colony on
Haiti.
Without Haiti, France would have trouble
defending Louisiana in the event of a war.
Also, war between France and Britain was
looming.
Britain
France
Napoleon needed money for the war.
Because of France’s situation, Monroe and
Livingston received a surprising offer.
France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory
to the United States.
New Orleans
Louisiana
Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase.
Was it
constitutional?
In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase
was constitutional because the President is able to
make treaties with foreign countries.
After buying
the Louisiana
Territory in
1803, Thomas
Jefferson was
eager to have
it explored and
mapped.
In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a
western expedition.
He chose two army officers to lead the
exploration.
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Report back
on the natural
features of the
region.
Look for a
waterway from
the Mississippi
to the Pacific
Ocean.
Goals of the western
expedition
Make
contact with
Native
Americans.
Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and
explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.
Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two
years.
July 1804
The party
reached the
mouth of the
Platte River,
which feeds into
the Missouri
River.
August 1804
October 1804
The expedition
followed the
Missouri River from
St. Louis to the
Rocky Mountains.
July 1804
August 1804
They met with
Native
Americans for
the first time.
October 1804
The Americans
promised to give
the tribes military
support and trading
rights in exchange
for peace.
July 1804
August 1804
They were joined
by Sacagawea, a
Shoshone
translator.
October 1804
They camped in
what is now
North Dakota
for the winter.
August 1805
The party
reached the
continental
divide.
November 1805 March 1806
They did not find a
waterway to the
Pacific. Instead, they
had to navigate rapids
in their canoes.
August 1805
November 1805 March 1806
They reached
the Pacific
Ocean by way
of the Columbia
River.
They began the
return journey,
which took
about half a
year.
The journey of Lewis and Clark led many
Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.
From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the
southern part of the Louisiana Territory.
Pike returned home
through Spanish New
Mexico.
Pike’s Peak
Partway up a
mountain, he was
forced to turn back.
Pike headed west to
the Rocky Mountains.
Today, this mountain is
known as Pike’s Peak.
Rocky
Mountains
Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the
region.
Objectives
• Discuss how the United States defeated the
Barbary pirates.
• Explain how war in Europe hurt American trade.
• Discuss the causes and effects of the Embargo
Act.
• Identify the events leading up to the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
Terms and People
• tribute – money paid by one country to
another in return for protection
• Stephen Decatur – led a group of American
sailors in a battle to protect the warship
Philadelphia against pirates
• embargo – a government order that forbids
foreign trade
• smuggle – the act of illegally importing or
exporting goods
Terms and People (continued)
• Tecumseh – organized western Native
American tribes to resist American expansion
• William Henry Harrison – governor of the
Indiana Territory who sent soldiers to fight
Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe
How did Jefferson respond to threats
to the security of the nation?
Trade with Europe was critical to the
American economy.
crops and natural resources
United
States
Europe
manufactured goods
Pirates from the North African Barbary States
began attacking American ships.
At first, America paid tribute, as other nations
did.
America paid money
to the rulers of the
Barbary States.
The Barbary pirates
stopped attacking
American ships.
Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent
warships to protect American merchant
ships.
Pirates from the
Barbary State of
Tripoli captured
the American ship,
Philadelphia.
American sailors
led by Stephen
Decatur burned
the Philadelphia
so the pirates
could not use it.
This victory and others inspired confidence in
America’s ability to deal with foreign threats.
A greater threat to America came from
Britain and France.
France
United
States
Britain
In 1803, Britain and France were at war. The
United States remained neutral and profited by
trading with both nations.
Britain and France weakened each other by cutting
off each other’s foreign trade.
U.S.
France
Britain
U.S.
France seized American ships trading with Britain.
Britain did the same to ships trading with France.
Once again, Britain used impressment to gather soldiers
for the war with France.
Thousands of
Americans were
forced to serve
in the British
navy.
Jefferson used a peaceful method to force Britain
and France to respect American neutrality.
He imposed an
embargo on
American ships sailing
to any foreign port.
foreign trade
Jefferson predicted that the embargo would stop
Britain and France from attacking American ships.
The embargo hurt America in many ways.
Prices of American
crops declined.
American
exports
declined.
embargo
Many
Americans lost
their jobs.
Merchants turned to
smuggling to survive.
Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809,
just before Jefferson left office.
Congress passed a new law that reopened
trade with all countries except France and
Britain.
America would reopen trade with those
countries when they started respecting
America’s neutrality.
Also during this period, tens of thousands of American
settlers moved westward.
As American
settlers moved
west, they took
over Native
American lands.
Native Americans suffered from this expansion.
• Many died from new diseases.
• They lost their hunting grounds.
• Animals they hunted were driven
away.
• The power of their leaders declined.
Shawnee leader Tecumseh organized the
western tribes into a league to resist settlement.
western tribes
Tecumseh
U.S. expansion
William Henry Harrison took action against
Tecumseh’s activities.
Tippecanoe
River
Harrison sent
soldiers against
Shawnee
villages while
Tecumseh was
away.
In the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison
defeated the Native Americans.
Tecumseh and his allies continued their opposition
to western settlement.
However, Native Americans never regained their
strength after the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
Also during this period, tens of thousands of American
settlers moved westward.
As American
settlers moved
west, they took
over Native
American lands.
Native Americans suffered from this expansion.
• Many died from new diseases.
• They lost their hunting grounds.
• Animals they hunted were driven
away.
• The power of their leaders declined.
Shawnee leader Tecumseh organized the
western tribes into a league to resist settlement.
western tribes
Tecumseh
U.S. expansion
William Henry Harrison took action against
Tecumseh’s activities.
Tippecanoe
River
Harrison sent
soldiers against
Shawnee
villages while
Tecumseh was
away.
In the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison
defeated the Native Americans.
Tecumseh and his allies continued their opposition
to western settlement.
However, Native Americans never regained their
strength after the Battle of Tippecanoe.
What were the causes and effects of
the War of 1812?
Tension with Britain was high when James
Madison took office in 1809.
Britain armed Native
Americans…
…and continued impressment
of U.S. sailors.
American
anger toward
Britain
Many Americans felt a new sense of American
nationalism at this time.
In 1810, nationalists Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun joined the House of Representatives.
They and their supporters were called war
hawks. They supported war with Britain.
Relations with Britain worsened steadily in
early 1812.
The British
vowed to
continue
impressment.
Native
Americans
began new
attacks on
settlers.
In June
1812,
Congress
declared
war on
Britain.
The war did not come at a good time for the
British, who were still at war in Europe.
America
Britain
France
However, Britain refused to meet American
demands to avoid war.
Americans were confident that they would
win the war. However, the U.S. was not
prepared.
Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the
military.
The navy had only
16 warships ready
for action.
The army had
fewer than 7,000
soldiers.
The War of
1812 was
fought on
several fronts.
One important
area was
along the
Atlantic coast.
In August 1812, the USS
Constitution defeated the
British warship Guerrière
in the North Atlantic.
The ship’s thick wooden
hull earned it the
nickname “Old Ironsides.”
Despite the
victory of the
Constitution,
Britain was
able to set up
a blockade of
the American
coast.
Britain had closed off all American ports by
the war’s end.
The Great
Lakes and the
Mississippi
River were
also important
fronts.
Both sides won key battles during the war in the
West.
In July 1812,
the British
defeated
American
troops in
Canada. They
captured over
2,000 U.S.
soldiers.
In 1813, U.S.
troops led by
Oliver
Hazard Perry
won control of
Lake Erie at
the Battle of
Put-In-Bay.
Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory at Lake Erie was a
key victory for the Americans.
The British
were forced
to retreat
back into
Canada.
U.S. troops
pursued and
defeated the British
in the Battle of the
Thames.
Native Americans suffered defeat both in
Canada and in the South.
In March 1814, U.S.
troops led by
Andrew Jackson
defeated Creek
warriors at the Battle
of Horseshoe Bend,
in Georgia.
The treaty that
ended the
fighting forced
the Creeks to
give up millions
of acres of
land.
In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon.
America
Britain
Britain
France
This allowed Britain to send many more troops to
fight against America.
As the war dragged
on, Federalists
expressed their
opposition by
calling it “Mr.
Madison’s War.”
Many New Englanders opposed the war, because the
British blockade was hurting their trade.
In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at
the Hartford Convention suggested that New
England secede from the United States.
United States
New
England
The British made their final attacks in 1814.
In August 1814,
they attacked
Washington, D.C.
The President
fled; the capitol
was burned.
On September
13, they moved
on to Fort
McHenry in
Baltimore.
Americans won
this battle, which
also inspired the
U.S. national
anthem.
Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve,
1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of
Ghent.
Treaty of Ghent
• Ended the war
• Returned things
to the way they
had been before
the war
Before this news
reached the U.S.,
Americans won a
final victory in the
Battle of New
Orleans in January
1815.
Effects of the End
of the War of
1812
The
Hartford
Convention
ended
quickly.
The United
States had
secured
independence
from Britain
once and
for all.
Americans
felt pride
and
confidence.