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Chapter 21 The Respiratory System Structures of Respiratory System 1. Palate • The floor of the nose and roof of mouth. • Two parts: Hard and soft – Hard Palate is the bone toward the anterior of mouth. – Soft Palate ends with the uvula in the posterior of the mouth. Structures of Respiratory System 2. Pharynx • The throat! • Muscular tube lined with ciliated epithelial tissue. • Part of respiratory and digestive system. • Has 7 openings! 2 for nose, 2 for middle ear, opening for esophagus, entrance to larynx! 3.Larynx • Voice box. • Contains vocal cords. Structures of Respiratory System 4. Epiglottis • Flap the closes the glottis when you swallow to keep substances out of your lungs. 5. Trachea • Extends from Larynx to Bronchi which lead to the lungs. • Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. 6. Bronchi • Resemble structure of trachea, but smaller in diameter. • One leads to each side of your lungs. Structures of Respiratory System 7. Lungs 8. Alveoli • Site of gas exchange between external environment and blood. • Right lung has 3 lobes and left has 2 lobes. • Inside lobes of lungs, bronchi divide into smaller bronchial tubes and finally even smaller bronchioles. • All bronchioles end in alveoli. • Most of lung tissue is alveoli! (300 million of them!) • Capillaries surround each alveoli allowing the blood to exchange gas with the environment. Structures of Respiratory System • Pluera • Delicate membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs. • Between the two layers there is fluid (pluera fluid). • The fluid functions to reduce friction between the walls of the thoracic cavity and the lungs! • If air or fluid (other than the pluera fluid) fills this space, it must be removed immediately or the lungs cannot inflate! Gas Exchange!!! • The alveoli have capillaries that allow for the carbon dioxide and the oxygen to be exchanged! 3 Phases of Respiration • External Respiration: Exchange of gases between air and alveoli. • Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between the blood and body cells. • Cellular Respiration: The use of oxygen to break down glucose and convert it to energy! Carbon Dioxide is the bi-product of this. Mechanisms of Respiration • Inspiration: Lungs are filled with air! • Expiration: Air is forced out of lungs!!! Mechanisms of Respiration • Diaphragm contracts and allows air to flow in to the lungs. • When the diaphragm relaxes, the air is pushed out. The Gas Exchange Process! • 98% of the oxygen in the blood is attached to hemoglobin. • As oxygen moves in to the alveoli, it combines with the hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. • When the oxygen is released in to the cell through diffusion, carbon dioxide enters the blood cell. Role of Carbon Dioxide! • Carbon dioxide regulates respiration! • When there is a build up of Carbon Dioxide, it becomes Carbonic Acid. • Carbonic Acid triggers the parts of the brain that control breathing. • Respiration increases as carbonic acid increases.