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Circulatory,Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary Systems Test Review Cardiovascular system State the function of the following parts of the circulatory system: • • • • Heart-circulates blood throughout the body Arteries-carry blood away from the heart Veins-carry blood back to the heart Coronary Arteries-the blood vessel that supplies the heart cells with blood • Capillaries-the thin blood vessels that allow for the exchange of gasses and nutrients with the other cells of the body Cont. • Aorta-the main artery leading from the heart to the rest of the body • Pulmonary Arteries-the blood vessels that carry O2 poor blood from the heart to the lungs • Pulmonary Veins-the blood vessels that carry O2 rich blood from the lungs to the heart • Right Atrium-upper chamber of the heart that receives O2 poor blood from the rest of the body via the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava cont • Left Atrium-upper chamber of the heart that receives O2 rich blood from the lungs • Right Ventricle-lower chamber of the heart that exports O2 poor blood to the lungs • Left Ventricle-lower chamber of the heart that exports O2 to the rest of the body • Superior and Inferior Vena Cava-blood vessels that receive O2 poor blood from the rest of the body Draw a simple heart and label the four chambers and all five blood vessels. Describe what happens to the coronary arteries and the heart muscle during a heart attack. In a heart attack, the coronary arteries get clogged, blocking off the O2 supply for the heart’s cells, which causes them to die off, causing potentially fatal damage to the heart. List the pathway of blood as it goes through the heart and body. • Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava Explain why heart bypass operations are needed and describe the procedure • Blockage of a coronary artery in the heart by the buildup of fatty deposits which narrows the artery. • Vein from the leg is moved and graphed around the block artery to restore blood flow the heart muscle. What is a pacemaker? • An implanted device which maintains a correct heart beat in an individual. Describe what is transferred from blood cells in the capillaries to surrounding cells and from cells back to the blood cells in the capillaries • Oxygen, nutrients and water dropped off. • Cellular waste and carbon dioxide is picked up. (P.E.)Briefly state the functions of blood • Medium by which the nutrient molecules processed by digestion and the oxygen molecules taken in by way of the lungs are delivered to the individual cells. • Blood carries a number of other important substances, such as hormones, enzymes, antibodies and waste materials. • Regulates body temperature • Regulates pH • Fluid levels • Destroys micro-organisms (P.E.) Briefly describe the four components of blood • • • • Blood plasma which is 90% water Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Briefly describe the two principal circuits of the cardiovascular system • Pulmonary circuit or loop deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs. • Systemic circuit or loop brings oxygenated blood from heart to the entire body. Describe what happens during a stroke. Blood flow in an artery in the brain is blocked or partially blocked, resulting in brain damage. Respiratory System What are the two processes of respiration? Cellular respiration and External respiration (breathing) List the seven parts of the respiratory tract. Nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Respiratory System What three things must occur for a gas exchange to be sufficient? •Large surface area for gaseous exchange •A very short distance between the air and the blood •Concentration difference for oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood. How do mucus and cilia protect the respiratory tract? They trap and dispose of dust particles to keep them from getting into the lungs and moisten/warms the air Lung Diseases Disease Cause Effect Emphysema Cigarette smoking, Breathlessness, environmental pollution cough, barrel chest Asthma Lung Cancer Chronic airway inflammation, some people have a predisposition Smoking, asbestos Wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, difficulty Shortness of breath, coughing, pain, in some cases-death Lung Diseases continued… Disease Cause Viruses, bacteria, smoking, some chemicals Tuberculosis The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pneumonia Bacterial pneumonia or viral pneumonia gets into the lungs and starts to reproduce Bronchitis Effect the larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes are acutely inflamed Coughing, sputum with blood, appetite loss, fatigue Unexpected headaches, muscle pain, and cough that never seems to go away Respiratory System What is the function of the diaphragm? Dome shape muscle at the bottom of the ribcage that moves up and down to inflate the lungs How does it cause the lungs to inflate and deflate? Inflates (inhale) by contracting and moving down to increase chest volume Deflates (exhale) by relaxing and moving up to decrease chest volume Respiratory System What factors affect the volume of air an individual can inhale? •Chest size •Genetics •Exercise What effect does smoking have on lung tissue and the whole lung? It kills lung tissue, coats tissue with tar and reduces flexible of lungs thus diminishing the amount the individual can inhale Digestive System What is the order of the organs in the digestive system? •Mouth/saliva gland/teeth •Esophagus Other Organs? •Epiglottis •Stomach •Liver •Small Intestine •Gall Bladder •Large Intestine •Pancreas •Appendix •Mesentery •Rectum •Anus Digestive System What do the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas do? •Liver: The first place the nutrient from the food go; filters out harmful substances, produces bile to help with digestion •Gall Bladder: Stores excess bile •Pancreas: Makes enzymes to help the body digest carbohydrates and proteins List the differences between the frog digestive system and the human digestive system. • FOR FROG: Solid wastes from the large intestine pass into the cloaca. Both liquid and solid waste material leave the body by way of the cloaca and the cloacal vent. Plus egg and sperm also exit thru the cloacal vent. Digestive System Mouth Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large Intestine Appendix Anus Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Rectum Digestive System What are the seven nutrients humans get from their diet and where are along the digestive system are these nutrients absorbed? 7 nutrients- protein, carbohydrates (sugars), fats, minerals, salts, vitamins, plus water enzymes: Pepsin (stomach)- (w/ HCl)breaks down proteins into amino acid building blocks in the stomach Amylase (pancreas)- breaks down carbohydrates lipase (pancreas)- breaks down fats trypsin (pancreas)- breaks down proteins Bile (liver)- helps bloodstream absorb fats Digestive System How do you determine the caloric value of food? •Burn the food below water •Record the temperature of the water before and after the burning •Put the temperature difference (in ºC) over the weight of the food burned How do potential and kinetic energy apply to this? •Potential energy: When the food has yet to be eaten (un-burned) •Kinetic energy: As the cells are converting the food to something useable (as the food is being burned) (P.E.) Describe the function of the human excretory/urinary system. Be sure to include the different molecules of waste and the final product excreted from the body. • As animals perform various cellular metabolic processes, proteins and nucleic acids, both of which contain nitrogen, are broken down. While some of the nitrogen that is released is used to manufacture new nitrogen-containing molecules, much of it cannot be used and must be disposed of as cellular waste. Typically ammonia (NH3) forms and ammonia hydroxide (NH4OH), a strong base, form. The ammonia needs to be gotten rid of before it raises the pH of the body. Cont.. • Ammonia does not readily go from our body to the air, so we get rid of nitrogenous wastes through urea and uric acid. Animals that are not concerned with water loss like humans convert ammonia to urine. Others concerned with water loss convert it to uric acid (birds, insects, lizards). Urinary System What are the organs in the urinary system, and what are their functions? •Kidneys: Filter the waste out of blood •Cortex: outer part of kidney •Medulla: site of filtration •Renal Pelvis: Where urine in the kidney collects •Ureters: Carries waste from kidneys to bladder •Bladder: Stores waste •Urethra: Disposes of urine outside of body •Prostate gland: controls urine release in males Urinary System What is renal dialysis? A back-up system for your kidneys that will filter waste from blood temporarily What are urinary tract infections? When bacteria or yeast, usually from the anus, gets into the urethra and causes an infection in the urinary tract What are kidney stones? Solid masses stuck in the urinary system, usually develops in the renal pelvis Urinary System Kidney Cortex Medulla Renal Artery Renal Vein Ureter