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Life Functions Cellular Respiration/Gas Exchange & Excretion What does it mean to be alive? • Once you are alive, how do you stay alive? • There are NINE life functions/activities. • Remember from last unit? Life Activity TRANSPORT Definition Circulation and absorption of nutrients RESPIRATION The release of energy from food NUTRITION Organisms obtain and process food REGULATION Control and coordination of all activities in an organism EXCRETION GROWTH REPRODUCTION SYNTHESIS METABOLISM Removal of harmful cellular waste An increase in size and/or number of cells of an organism The production of new individuals Producing complex substances from simple substances The sum total of all life functions How do single celled and multi-celled organisms perform these life functions? Remember from last unit? Life Function Single Celled Organism Multi-cellular Organism Transport DIFFUSION through cellular membrane CIRCULATORY system Respiration DIFFUSION through cellular membrane RESPIRATORY system Nutrition Intracellular digestion DIGESTIVE system extracellular Regulation Chemically responds to environment ENDOCRINE and Nervous systems Excretion DIFFUSION out cellular membrane EXCRETORY system Reproduction Mitosis (Binary Fission) REPRODUCTIVE system Cellular Respiration/Gas Exchange Respiration: • The process by which ENERGY is released from NUTRIENT MOLECULES, converted to a USABLE FORM and STORED in cells. Which cells need the most energy? clip Why do our cells need energy? Cellular Resp Clip • The nutrient molecules used are SUGARS, LIKE GLUCOSE –Easily DIFFUSE through CELL MEMBRANE –CAN’T be used directly by cells as an energy source –Have to be CONVERTED TO ATP which cells CAN BE used as an energy source Where does respiration occur in cells? • MITOCHONDRIA What kinds of respiration occur in organisms? • Aerobic (with oxygen) • Anaerobic (without oxygen) Let’s compare the two types of respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Uses oxygen Does not use oxygen Makes 36 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose Makes 2 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose More Less Efficient Efficient Used by complex organisms Ie: humans, multi-cellular plants, some protists Used by simple organisms AND complex organisms when circulatory system is overburdened. CO2 waste product CO2 waste product, and/or lactic acid or alcohol Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Equation Equation: Glucose + 6 water + 6 Oxygen → Glucose → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP 6Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water + Or 36 ATP Glucose → 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 How is ATP ATP created? Uses: Provides energy for organisms movie clip Uses: 1. Lactic Acid b. Bi-product during exercise. Lactic acid builds up causes cramping and sickness 2. Alcohol (ethyl) Aerobic Resp. movie clip a. YOGURT 3. CO2 BEER/WINE BREAD Anaerobic Resp. movie clip Notice that the Respiration equation is the REVERSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Cellular Respiration Glucose + 6 water + 6 Oxygen → 6Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water + 36 ATP Photosynthesis Energy + water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose + water + Oxygen Resp vs. Photo. Video clip How do these reactions happen in organisms? • ENZYMES –CATALAYZE chemical reactions so they can occur QUICKLY AND PRECISELY – Enzyme names end in ASE – Can be REUSED (are not used up) – Vitamins are COENZYMES that help an enzyme function more efficiently – Enzymes work on SUBSTRATES – ACTIVE SITE area on enzyme that is actually involved in catalyzing the reaction fits like a LOCK AND KEY with the substrate There are three factors that effect rate at which enzymes, like those that catalyze the respiration reaction, work • TEMPERATURE • pH • CONCENTRATION OF ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE Gas Exchange in humans • Needed to obtain oxygen for respiration (energy) and get rid of CO2, the waste product of respiration • Occurs in the LUNGS • Always requires a moist surface for exchange to occur. Lungs clip Nostrils Mouth Nasal cavity Esophagus •Tube behind the trachea •Carries food from the mouth to the stomach •Part of the digestive system Epiglottis Trachea • Has cartilaginous rings to keep tube open Bronchi • Has cartilaginous rings to keep tube open Bronchioles •Small tubes that branch off the bronchi •Carry air to the alveoli Lung •Do not have cartilaginous rings Diaphragm Pathway of a breath of air clip Capillaries Alveoli How does gas exchange occur? • Two phases: • 1. INHALATION – A result of a DECREASE IN PRESSURE around the lungs – Caused by the muscular DIAPHRAGM contracting (PULLS DOWN) while the RIB CAGE EXPANDS How does gas exchange occur? – – – – – 2. Exhalation Passive Diaphragm RELAXES while ribs compress PRESSURE INCREASES in lungs Forces air OUT Breathing Clip How is breathing controlled in humans? • Brain senses pH concentration of blood (Carbon dioxide is acidic) – If carbon dioxide is high (blood becomes acidic) – increases breathing rate (to get rid of the acidic carbon dioxide and bring the blood back to neutral) – If carbon dioxide is low (blood is too basic) – breathing can slow (builds up the acidic carbon dioxide so the blood can come back to neutral). • Feedback mechanism. (A process in which the level of one substance influences the level of another substance) Excretion •Excretion is the removal of cellular wastes from All Living Cells. •Wastes were generated from a cell creating and utilizing energy (cellular respiration, metabolism – life functions). ENERGY!! Five (5) types of metabolic wastes formed: •Carbon dioxide (CO2) •Water (H2O) •Nitrogen Compounds (ammonia, urea, uric acid) •Mineral salts •Heat How do humans rid the body of cellular wastes created through cellular respiration? • Excretory system • Four (4) organs part of this system I. LIVER II. KIDNEYS III. LUNGS IV. SKIN Human Excretory Organs I.LIVER • Has a digestive and excretory function Liver movie clip • Digestive function: liver produces bile which aids in the mechanical breakdown of fats/lipids (emulsification) LIVER Continued • Excretory function: liver removes waste from the blood by changing the substance into a less toxic form. This is then released back into the blood and completely removed by the kidneys • Makes urea from breaking up excess amino acids, which is then completely removed by the kidneys LIVER Continued ***If the liver is overworked due to alcohol consumption, drug use or hepatitis, it will harden and be unable to filter the blood of toxic substances. This is called cirrhosis. Liver → ← Spleen ← Gall Bladder ← Kidney BE KIND TO YOUR LIVER!! IT WILL THANK YOU!! Liver II. KIDNEYS (Renal) Come in pairs located towards your back Made up of 3 parts I.Cortex – outer part where most blood is filtered II.Medulla – middle section III.Renal Pelvis – inner section where collecting ducts gather and drain urine to ureters and then to the bladder Intro to Kidney Movie Clip – Click Here!! Takes UNFILTERED blood TO the kidney Takes FILTERED blood AWAY FROM the kidney NEPHRON • NEPHRON is the functional unit of the kidney • <1,000,000 per kidney! • Renal artery brings unfiltered blood (dirty) from the body to the kidneys • Renal vein takes filtered (clean) blood away from the kidney to all body tissues All about the Nephron Movie Clip Click Here!! HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED? Renal artery branches into capillaries which lead to a nephron Arterioles branch into a ball of capillaries called a glomerulus which is under extremely high pressure •Glomerulus is surrounded by a hollow cup called a Bowman’s Capsule HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED? • Since the glomerulus is under such High pressure, it forces water, salts, glucose amino acids and urea from the blood plasma into the Bowman’s capsule (Filtration) • The mixture of these substances travel from the capsule down a twisty tube called the Loop of Henle • The Loop of Henle is surrounded by capillaries • The capillaries reabsorb water, glucose, amino acids and salts Very High Pressure!! Capillaries Loop of Henle HOW DOES YOUR BLOOD GET FILTERED? Very High Pressure!! •The rest is called filtrate or urine which moves into the collecting duct It then empties into the renal pelvis, ureters then urinary bladder which empties when full via the urethra Flow of urine: Glomerulus to the Bowman’s Capsule to the Loop of Henle to the collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra! Urination Movie Clip Click Here!! WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? 1. Kidney Disease • One or more of your kidneys does not filter blood properly • Causes: a) Physical stress b) Increased blood pressure c) Poor nutrition • May lead to renal failure! Renal Failure Movie Clip Click Here!! WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? • Options: a)If just one kidney, may be removed b)If both, transplant (if a donor is available) c) Dialysis: machine cleans the blood WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? 2. Kidney Stones • • • • Salts + urea form a solid in any part of the kidney If very small, may move through tubes If too big, may form a blockage Symptoms: may get sharp pain in back or side, increased urge to urinate, blood in urine, fever, nausea • WHAT ARE SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KIDNEYS? Options: a) surgery to remove b) Let them pass on their own if small enough c) ultrasound (sound waves) to break apart then let them pass Surgery to Remove Kidney Stones Ultrasound to the Kidney Stones Kidney Stones • Avoid: a)Spicy, acidic food b)Dairy c)caffeine III. LUNGS • Excrete carbon dioxide and water from cellular respiration • Glucose + water + oxygen dioxide + water • C6H12O6 + H20 + O2 Energy + carbon 36ATP + CO2 + H20 IV. SKIN • • 2 layers: epidermis (outer) dead dermis (inner) alive Functions: a) Protect the body from harmful material b) Reduces water loss c) Excretes water, salt and urea (sweat) d) Excretes excess heat (2 ways) • Sweat is exposed to the air, evaporates and “takes” heat along with it • Blood vessels in skin dilate (open) which allow more blood to flow through them releasing heat • Blood vessels are closer to the surface so heat can escape Epidermis Dermis Skin Movie Clip Click Here!! Burns • First Degree – least severe: injures the epidermis • Second Degree – more severe: injures the epidermis and into the dermis • Third Degree – Most severe: injures all layers of skin into muscle, bones, etc… http://www.hmc.psu.edu/healthinfo/b/index.htm To learn about burns click the above web address