Download Unit 1: Organization of the Body

Unit 1: Organization of
the Body
DLT #’s: 1 – 4
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
08/11/2014
Overview

In this chapter we will define anatomy and
physiology and discuss how the human body is
organized. Three essential concepts – the
complementarity of structure and function, the
hierarchy of structural organization, and
homeostasis – will unify and form the basis for
your study of the human body. The final part of
this chapter deals with the language of anatomy
– terminology that anatomists use when they
describe the body or its parts.
DLT 1: I can define anatomy and
physiology.

Anatomy studies the structure of body
parts and their relationships to one
another.
– Anatomy is concrete
– Body structures can be seen, felt, and
examined; it is not necessary to imagine what
they look like.

Physiology concerns the function of the
body: how the body parts work together
and carry out their life-sustaining
activities.
– Not concrete
– Explainable only in terms of the underlying
anatomy
Reference Man or Woman

Interestingly, we should note that in order
to simplify the study of the body most
references to body structures and/or
physiological values (body temp., heart
rate, etc.) assume we are talking about
either a healthy young (22-year-old) male
weighing about 155 lb (the reference
man), or a healthy young female weighing
about 125 lb (the reference woman).
DLT 2: I can explain the principle of
complementarity.
Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable
because function always reflects structure.
 What a structure can do depends on its specific
form.
 This idea is called the principle of
complementarity of structure and function.
 Ex: Bones can support and protect body organs
because they contain hard mineral deposits, and
blood flows in one direction through the heart
because the heart has valves that prevent
backflow.

DLT 3: I can name the different levels of
structural organization that make up the
human body.
Cellular Level: Cells
are made up of
molecules.
Chemical Level:
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Tissue Level:
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Organ Level: Organs
are made up of
different types of
tissues.
Organismal Level:
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
Organ System Level: Organ
systems consist of different organs
that work together closely.
DLT 4: I can list the 11 organ systems of the
body, identify their components, and explain
their functions.
– Digestive:
 Structures-Oral cavity,
esophagus, liver,
stomach, small
intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus
 Function-Breaks down
food into absorbable
units that enter the
blood for distribution to
body cells.
– Respiratory:
 Structures-nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, lungs
 Function-Keeps blood
constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide from the
body.
– Reproductive:
 Structures-testes,
penis, scrotum, ductus
deferens, prostate
gland, ovaries, fallopian
tubes, mammary
glands, uterus, vagina
 Function-produce
reproductive cells,
overall function is
production of offspring.
– Cardiovascular:
 Structures-heart, blood
vessels and blood
 Function-brings oxygen,
hormones and nutrients
to cells, fights infection,
removes cell waste,
helps to regulate body
temperature
– Urinary:
 Structures-kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
 Function-eliminates
nitrogenous waste from
the body; regulates
water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of
the blood.
– Skeletal:
 Structures-bones,
cartilage, ligaments,
tendons
 Function-supports body,
protects internal
organs, allows
movement, stores
mineral reserves,
provides a site for red
blood cell formation
– Muscular:
 Structures-skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac
muscle
 Function-works with
skeletal system to
provide voluntary
movement, helps
circulate blood and
move food through the
digestive system
– Nervous:
 Structures-brain, spinal
cord, peripheral nerves
 Function-recognizes
and coordinates the
body’s response to
internal and external
stimuli.
– Integumentary:
 Structures-skin, hair,
nails, sweat and oil
glands
 Function-barrier against
infection and injury,
regulates body
temperature, protection
from UV radiation
– Lymphatic/Immunity:
 Structures-white blood
cells, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, lymph
vessels, red bone
marrow
 Function-protects the
body from disease,
houses white blood
cells, collects fluid lost
from blood vessels and
returns it to the
circulatory system
– Endocrine:
 Structureshypothalamus, pituitary
gland, thyroid, pineal
gland, parathyroids,
adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries,
testes
 Function-Glands secrete
hormones that regulate
growth, development,
reproduction, and
metabolism (nutrient
use) by body cells