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Circulatory & Respiratory
System
By: Alica Boleware
Grace Oh
Daniel Naji
The Respiratory System
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The respiratory system is situated
in the thorax, and is responsible
for gaseous exchange between
the circulatory system and the
outside world. Air is taken in via
the upper airways (the nasal
cavity, pharynx and larynx)
through the lower airways
(trachea, primary bronchi and
bronchial tree) and into the small
bronchioles and alveoli within the
lung tissue.
Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Nose
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The nose consists of certain parts,
such as: external meatus- triangularshaped projection in the center of the
face; external nostrils - two chambers
divided by the septum; septum - made
up primarily of cartilage and bone
and covered by mucous membranes.
The cartilage also gives shape and
support to the outer part of the nose;
nasal passages- passages that are
lined with mucous membranes and
tiny hairs (cilia) that help to filter the
air.
Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Pharynx
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Pharynx can be divided into three
regions: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, and the
laryngopharynx.
The Pharynx:
The Anatomy of Nasopharynx
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Continuous with the nasal cavity via the internal
nares.
Lined by respiratory epithelium.
Contains the opening to the auditory tube, also
called the Eustachian Tube, which connects the
pharynx to the middle ear cavity.
 It functions to ensure that the air pressure
within the middle ear cavity is equal to
atmospheric pressure.
Contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
The Pharynx:
The Anatomy of Oropharynx
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Oropharynx
 Inferior to the uvula and superior to the
epiglottis.
 Lined by non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium due the fact it is a
common pathway for food and air.
 The palatine tonsils are located near the
opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx.
The Pharynx:
The Anatomy of Laryngopharynx
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Laryngopharynx
 Inferior to the epiglottis and superior to the
split between the larynx and the esophagus.
 Similar to the oropharynx, it is lined by
non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium because it is a common
passageway for food and air.
 Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior
surface of the tongue, which also places
them near the opening of the oral cavity
into the pharynx
The Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Larynx
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The Larynx routes food and air down
their correct passages. Larynx has an
arrangement of 9 cartilages connected
by membranes and ligaments and
lined by respiratory epithelium.
Certain kinds of cartilages (all hyaline
expect epiglottis), such as: thyroid,
cricoid, epiglottis (made up of elastic
cartilage) and 3 small paired
cartilages. Thyroid cartilage is the
largest and its midline laryngeal
prominence, which is the famous
male’s “Adam’s apple.” The 3 pairs
of small cartilages form much of the
posterior and lateral larynx. The
epiglottis extends from the base of the
tongue to its hinge on the superior
thyroid cartilage.
The Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of Trachea
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The trachea extends from the larynx to the mediastinum, where
it splits into 2 primary bronchi that are lined by respiratory
epithelium which is also associated with abundant mucus
secretion.

The trachea is reinforced by about 18 C-shaped rings of
cartilage. These rings prevent the trachea from collapsing
during inspiration. The open portion of the cartilage rings is
posterior and there you find the trachealis muscle. The lack of
posterior cartilage is significant due to the fact it provides the
esophagus with room to expand when a large bolus of food is
swallowed.
The trachea has a carina which is the point where the trachea
divides into the left and right primary bronchus.
The Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Bronchi
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Bronchi is divided into
two main bronchi; the
left and the right. It is the
air entrance to each lung.
 Bronchioles are the
smaller airways that
sends air to the inside
walls of lungs where the
alveoli is.
The Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Lungs
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The lungs are divided into lobes;
The left lung is composed of the
upper lobe, the lower lobe and the
lingula (a small remnant next to
the apex of the heart), the right
lung is composed of the upper,
the middle and the lower lobes.
Alveoli is located inside walls of
the lungs; it allows the oxygen to
be absorbed by the blood cells
and oxygenates the blood for
transfer throughout the human
body. It is also the site of gas
exchange in the lungs, must be
moist for gases to diffuse.
The Respiratory System:
The Anatomy of the Diagraphm

Diaphragm is a layer of
muscles that is located at the
bottom of the chest. It
functions to help pump the
CO2 out of the lungs and
pull the O2 into the lungs.
When the diaphragm
contracts, oxygen is pulled
into the lungs; when it
relaxes, carbon dioxide is
pumped out of the lungs
Passage of Oxygen Gas
Sinus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
nose
Circulatory
Alveoli
Bronc
hioles
Bronc
hi
The Respiratory System:
Key Terms
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Nose is the organ of smell that enters air into the animal’s body;
it functions to prevent any airborne particles proceeding into the
lungs.
Pharynx is known as the throat; it extends from the mouth to the
larynx.
Larynx is known as the “voice box”; it functions as an airway to
the lungs.
Trachea is the cartilage rings, strong but flexible. It is lined with
ciliated cells that push mucus and foreign particles upward.
Mechanics of Breathing
Exhalation
Diaphragm
relaxes
(moves up)
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
Inhalation
Inhalation
diaphragm
Exhalation
Respiratory Issues:
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects 300 million people
worldwide.
Symptoms include repeated attacks of loss of breath and wheezing.
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Asthma can be caused by:
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Genetics
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Environment (pollution)
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Allergens (cat hair, dander, pollen, mold)
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Smoke
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Asthma can have various triggers:
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Cold air
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Some medications
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Emotional stress
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Respiratory Issues:
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air
to the lungs.
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As a result, excess mucus is produced, inducing coughing fits.
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Acute Bronchitis is a short-lived affliction with a quick onset and
recovery, with only about 2-3 weeks of symptoms.
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Chronic Bronchitis is a long-term affliction that mostly plagues
smokers.
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Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by a period of at least 3 months
of symptoms for a minimum of two years.
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Respiratory Issues:
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes
coughs, fever, and breathing difficulties.
 It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites.
Symptoms include: coughing, fever, chest pain, chills,
and fatigue.
Chronic diseases such as asthma, cancer, diabetes, and
heart problems increase your risk.
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Diagnosed by an X-ray or blood test.
What Is Next?
Between the lungs, the heart fits
snugly in the middle of the chest
leading us to the circulatory system.
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The Circulatory System
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The circulatory system is
made up of the vessels and the
muscles that help and control
the flow of the blood around
the body. This process is
called circulation. The main
parts of the system are the
heart, arteries, capillaries and
veins.
The Circulatory System:
The Anatomy of the Heart
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The center of the circulatory
system is the heart, which is the
main pumping mechanism (for
blood). The shape of the heart is
described as a cone, with a
pointed bottom and round top.
Apparently, the hollowness of the
heart is for has the ability to be
filled with blood. The heart is
made of a muscular wall called a
septum - solid enough for the
blood to have the inability to flow
back and forth between the left
and right halves of the heart.
The Heart is in Half?
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The heart is broken into four chambers - each top chamber is called an atrium, "the holding
chamber" while the bottom chambers are called ventricles, "the pumping chamber". Hence,
each side of the heart has its own system - a right heart and a left heart. Each side consist of
an atrium and a ventricle while blood can flow from the top chamber to bottom chamber but
never between both sides. Because the blood can flow from the atria down to the ventricles,
there are openings, called valves, in the walls to separate them. Valves have the ability to
open in one direction to let blood pass through, however; when they close blood can't flow
backwards to the atria. There are valves (at the bottom of the large arteries) that carry blood
away from the heart, they are called the aorta and pulmonary artery. These valves keep the
blood from flowing backward into the heart (once its pumped inside the heart it can't leave).
Wait, more valves?

In the right atrium, the deoxygenated
blood from the body enters using the
tricuspid valve, made up of three
tissues, to flow the blood into the right
ventricle. Contraction of the ventricle
then closes the tricuspid valve and
forces open the pulmonary valve. Blood
flows into the pulmonary artery, which
carries the blood to the right and left
lungs. ( The blood gives up carbon
dioxide and takes on a fresh supply of
oxygen.) The capillary beds of the
lungs are drained by venules that are
the tributaries of the pulmonary veins.
Four pulmonary veins, two draining
each lung, carry oxygenated blood to
the left atrium of the heart. For the left
atrium, blood flows through the mitral
valve into the left ventricle. Contraction
of the ventricle closes the mitral valve
and opens the aortic valve at the
entrance to the aorta.
Does blood spill all over the place
when it leaves the heart?

Nope, the blood flows smoothly in tubes called blood vessels. The
blood flows into tubes called arteries which branches to form smaller
blood vessels called veins, the second smallest blood vessel. Veins
are made up of capillaries which forms a network of tiny vessels
throughout the body. Capillaries are extremely thin so blood can
come into close contact with our body's tissues. Blood vessels carry
the blood in a circular motion: moving away from the heart into
arteries, traveling to various parts of the body in capillaries and
going back to heart in veins.
2) Vein
Any blood vessels
that carries
deoxygenated blood
towards the heart
Superior Vena Cava is a
type of veins that returns
the deoxygenated blood
from the upper part of
human body.
Inferior Vena Cava is a
type of veins that
returns the
deoxygenated blood
from the lower part of
the body.
Aorta is a main arterial
trunk and the largest
blood vessel that
carries oxygenated
blood from left
ventricles to the
branches of arteries.
Pulmonary arteries is one of the arteries that carry blood from the right
ventricle to both left/right lungs. There the blood is oxygenated and sent
to the left atrium in the heart.
Pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated blood from both lungs to the left
atrium in the heart.
Septum is a dividing partition between the right and left sides of the
heart;
Intertribal septum separates the atriums
Interventrial septum separates the ventricles.
Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle; it
functions to close the ventricle when it pumps the blood into the
pulmonary artery.
Mitral valve/ bicuspid valve is located on the right side of the heart; it
functions to keep the blood flow in one direction only.
The Circulatory System:
Blood Flow
The Circulatory System:
Blood Flow Continues
Circulatory Issues:
Heart Disease
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Heart disease and coronary artery disease are the two
major leading causes of death in the U.S.
Heart attacks occur when the flow of blood through the
coronary arteries are obstructed.
The obstructions are most often caused by the buildup of
plaque (lipids and cholesterol) on the inner wall.
Circulatory System:
Blood Pressure
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Hypertension – high blood pressure – is caused by a
variety of factors, including:
 Stress
 Diet
 Genetics
 Smoking
Hypertension can be treated easily with an altered diet
increased exercise, and medicine.
Circulatory System:
HIV/AIDS
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HIV/AIDS impairs the immune system, letting opportunistic
infections kill the host.
It is spread through bodily fluids, such as sexual contact and
sharing needles.
The virus affects nearly 40 million people worldwide and 22
million have died.
The HIV virus infects the CD4 T-cell (a white blood cell) and
replicates inside.
When a person’s CD4 T-cell count drops below 200, they have
AIDS.
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The virus was first documented in 1981.
It is believed to have evolved as a variant of SIV, which infects
simian primates like the Chimpanzee.
Lets Play Games!:
Circulatory System
Lets Play Games!:
Respiratory System
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One day, Jennifer just ran the freshman mile and begins
to have shortness of breathe. Her best friend gives her a
pump. What is her disease, and how did affect her?
Allison is a freshman at college. She begins hanging out
with Jeff a lot in her dorm room. Allison and Jeff begin a
relationship, but aren’t always careful. Ten years have
passed, Jennifer begins to throw up and feel really weak.
Now, her immune system has been infected and must
take daily pills. What is her disease, and how did it affect
her?
Lets Play Games!:
Respiratory System
Across
3. lowest part of the brain that control homeostatic functions such as
breathing, heart and blood vessel activity.
5. the pressure air exerts on all objects.
6. site of gas exchange in the lungs.
8. a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs
throughout the body.
9. cartilage rings; lined with ciliated cells that pushes mucus and
foreign particles upward.
10. the 2 lower chambers in the heart.
Down
1. one cell thick blood vessel where substances are absorbed into and
out of the blood stream.
2. strength of the heart's contractions against the artery walls.
4. a vessel that returns blood to the heart.
6. the 2 upper chambers in the heart.
7. an invaginated respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that
connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
References:
“Blood Flow Through the Heart” Online image. 2010. Bay Area Medical Information.
11 Apr. 1020 http://www.bami.us/CardiacAnatomy.html
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“Nose” Online image. 2010. SMART. 11Apr. 2010
<mypages.iit.edu/~smart/essijea/lesson2.htm>
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http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=11069
http://web.buddyproject.org/web019/web019/heart.html
Physiology of the Nose
http://health.ucsd.edu/specialties/surgery/otolaryngology/nasal/physiology.htm