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CHAPTER 1
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
The Human Body
An Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the
structure and shape of the body
and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the
body and its parts work or
function
Anatomy
Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy – when we look at
our own body
• Large structures
• Easily observable
• Microscopic Anatomy – when we
look at cells and tissues of the body
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope
Relationship between
Anatomy and Physiology
• The parts of your body form a
well-organized unit, and each of
those parts has a job to do to
make the body operate as a
whole.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Chemical Level
• Simplest level
• Atom – tiny building blocks of
matter
• Atoms combine to form molecules.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Cellular Level
• Cell – the smallest units of all
living things
• Cells are made up of molecules.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Tissue Level
• Tissues consist of similar types of
cells that have a common
function.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Organ Level
• Organs are made up of different
types of tissues.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Organ System Level
• Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Organism Level
• Highest level of structural
organization.
• Human organisms are made up of
11 organ systems.
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary System
• Organ – skin
• Functions:
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal System
• Organs – cartilages, joints, and
bones
• Functions:
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
Organ System Overview
• Muscular System
• Organs – skeletal muscles
• Functions:
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Organ System Overview
• Nervous System
• Organs – brain, spinal cord, and
nerves
• Functions:
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external
change
• Activates muscles and glands
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine System
• Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid
gland, pancreas, testis, ovary
• Functions:
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Hormones responsible for growth,
reproduction, and metabolism
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular System
• Organs – heart and blood vessels
• Functions:
• Transports materials in the body
through the blood
• Materials transported includes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and
wastes
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic System
• Organs – lymph nodes
• Functions:
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory System
• Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungs
• Functions:
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Organ System Overview
• Digestive System
• Organs – mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
• Functions:
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into
blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Organ System Overview
• Urinary System
• Organs – kidney and urinary
bladder
• Functions:
• Eliminates wastes
• Maintains acid-base balance
• Regulation of water and electrolytes
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive System
• Organs:
• Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland
• Female – mammary glands, ovary,
uterus, vagina
• Functions:
• Production of offspring
Necessary Life
Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc.
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Necessary Life
Functions
• Metabolism
• Chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
• Reproduction
• Production of offspring
• Growth
• Increasing cell size and number
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell
building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs
• Water
• 60-80 % of body weight
• Single most abundant chemical substance in
the body
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable Body Temperature
• Must be maintained at around 98F
• Atomospheric Pressure Must Be
Appropriate
• The force exerted on the surface of the body
by the weight of air
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis = Maintenance of
a stable internal environment =
A dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be
maintained for normal body
functioning and to sustain life.
Homeostatic Imbalance
• A disturbance in homeostasis
resulting in disease
• As we age, our body organs
become less efficient, and our
internal conditions become less
and less stable.
Maintaining
Homeostasis
• The body communicates through
neural and hormonal control systems
• Control Mechanism:
• The receptor responds to changes in the
environment and sends information to
the control center (brain).
• The control center determines the set
point (98.6) and determines the
appropriate response.
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative Feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Works like a household thermostat
• Your body’s thermostat is located
in a part of the brain called the
HYPOTHALAMUS
• It shuts off the original stimulus,
or reduces its intensity
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive Feedback
• Increases the original stimulus or
disturbance
• In the body this only occurs in
blood clotting and birth of a baby
The Language of
Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to
prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
•
•
•
•
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
Orientation and
Directional Terms
• Anatomical Position – the body
is erect with the feet parallel
and the arms hanging at the
sides with the palms facing
forward
• Table 1.1 on page 19 – go over
these
Body Landmarks
• Anterior Landmarks on page 13
go over these, but students
have a copy of these terms
• Posterior Landmarks on page 13
go over these, but students
have a copy of these terms
Body Planes – 3 types
(page 19)
• Sagittal Section
• A cut made along a lengthwise
plane of the body – divides the
body into right and left parts
• Midsagittal Section
• When the cut is made down the
middle of the body and the right and
left parts are equal in size
Body Planes – 3 types
(page 19)
• Frontal Section
• A cut made along a lengthwise plane divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts
• Also known as Coronal Section
• Transverse Section
• A cut made along a horizontal plane –
divides the body into superior and
inferior parts
• Also known as Cross Section
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Body Cavity – 2
subdivisions
• Cranial Cavity – the space inside
the bony skull; contains the brain
• Spinal Cavity – extends from the
cranial cavity nearly to the end of
the vertebral column
Body Cavities
• Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the
structures within the chest and
abdomen
• Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and
heart; separated from the rest of the ventral
cavity by a dome-shaped muscle =
DIAPHRAGM
• Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller
subdivisions:
• Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver,
and intestines
• Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs,
bladder, and rectum
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants
• 4 quadrants (page 21, figure 1.8A)
Abdominopelvic Regions
• 9 regions (page 21, figure 1.8B)
Abdominopelvic Major
Organs
• page 21, figure 1.8C