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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Functions Obtain oxygen for delivery to the body cells Expel waste products (carbon dioxide) Produce air flow through the larynx to make speech possible Did you know? Of all the substances the body has to survive Oxygen is the by far the most crucial Without food – can live for a week Without water – live for a few days Without oxygen can live for 4 to 6 minutes Process of Respiration External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs and expels carbon dioxide 1. Pulmonary ventilation 2. Diffusion of gases 3. Transport of gases Internal (cellular) respiration – oxygen is taken into the cell and used in the breakdown of nutrients with the release of energy. Carbon dioxide is the waste products of cellular respiration Mechanics of Breathing When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. Pathway of air nasal cavity (or oral cavity) pharynx trachea bronchus lungs bronchioles alveoli (site of gas exchange). Structures of the respiratory system: Upper Airway Structures and their Functions Nose – Warms, moisturizes and filters air Paranasal Sinuses – Provide mucus, make bones of the skull lighter, and aid in sound production Epiglottis – closes off the trachea during swallowing Pharynx – transports air to and from the nose to the trachea Larynx – makes speech possible Lower Airway Structures and their Functions Trachea: transports air to and from the pharynx to the bronchi Bronchi: The bronchi are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs. Bronchioles: -Smallest of the bronchial branches; end with alveoli Alveoli: Air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood Lungs: Main organ. Where Oxygen is brought in and carbon dioxide is removed Did you know? Adults have 1,00o square feet of alveolar membrane (or over 300 million alveoli) Each alveoli is surrounded by a rich capillary network (approx. 60 square meters – half of a tennis court) Reduction in the alveolar surface areas can result from – emphysema, tumors, mass, inflammatory material Assessment Techniques Rate The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors (eupnea, tachpnea, bradypnea/hypopnea, apnea, Character Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals (Cheyne-stokes) Depth- (hypoventilation, hyperventilation) Ease (dyspnea) Breath Sounds Crackles – air passing through moisture Rhonchi – air passing through narrow airway due to mucus bronchospasm or tumor Sonorous Musical - Wheezing Pleural friction Rub – Inflamed visceral and parietal pleura rubbing together Stridor – Forced air movement through edematous upper airways Assessment Techniques (continued) Lung volume The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity Blood Gases Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases Pulse Oximetry (Hgb maintains saturation of 97-99%) Pulmonary Diagnostics Roentgenographs – AP and lateral CXR Tomography – different depths of thoracic cavity, defines shapes, size, and borders of lesions Fluoroscopy – vies thoracic cavity in motion Sputum Specimens – diagnose infections inc TB,; detect abnormal cells from tumors Pulmonary Diagnostics (continued) Bronchoscopy – visualizes upper airway and bronchi; obtain biopsy specimens, Removes aspirated bodies Bronchogram – radiographic substance injected into the trachea, pt. tilted various way sand x-rays are taken Tuberculin Test Lung Scans Pulmonary Angiography Pulmonary Diagnostics (continued) Pulmonary Function Test: Spirometry – to test air movement in and out of the alveoli (PEFR) or O2/CO2 diffusion (capnography) Medical Specialties Otolaryngeologist/Otorhinolaryngologist – (ENT doctor) Pulmonologist Respiratory Therapist