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If you damage one system, you may damage
several like smoking which irritates the lungs and
also destroys the cells of the immune system
Ardi Rizal
2 years old
Musi Banyuasin,
Indonesia
May 2010
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If you get excited, the nervous system works
with the circulatory system by increasing
your heart rate.
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AIDS destroys the Immune System
As a result you may get:
1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection (reproductive ),
3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).
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How does the body get the systems to work together?
To answer this question, we need to recall the
organizational structure of multicellular organisms.
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Levels Of Organization
ATOMS
ORGANISM
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANS
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The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues
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A group of tissues that work
together to perform closely
related functions.
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A group of organs that work together
to perform a single function
.
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There are 11 organ systems in the human body
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic & Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
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Your skeleton has five major
functions.
• It provides shape and
support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your internal organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores certain materials until your
body needs them
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Major Organs of the Skeletal System
•
•
•
•
Bones
Tendons connect bones to muscles.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cartilage cushions places where
bones connect and offers flexibility.
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Your muscles control all
movements of the body tissues,
organs and bones.
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Your body has
three types of
Muscle tissue.
• skeletal muscle
• smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle
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The main functions is to transport
• Oxygen
• Nutrients
• Waste
throughout the body
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The main parts of the
Circulatory System are:
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood
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Your respiratory
system moves
oxygen from the
outside environment
into your body. It
also removes carbon
dioxide and water
from your body.
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•
•
•
•
•
Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Lungs
Diaphragm
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• The main functions of the digestive
system
• Breaks down food into molecules the
body can absorb.
• Passes these molecules into the blood
to be carried throughout the body.
• Eliminates solid wastes from the body.
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The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:
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Your excretory system collects wastes
produced by cells and removes these
wastes from your body. The removal
process is known as excretion.
• Each kidney is about 4 ½
inches long
• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
• The urine output varies from
1 to 2 liters per day.
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The Main Parts of the Excretory
System
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Your Skin has many important functions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Covers body and prevents water loss.
Protects body from injury and infection.
Helps regulate body temperature.
Eliminate wastes
Gathers information about the environment
Produce vitamin D
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Skin
•Hair
•Nails
•
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• It’s role is to protect
you from foreign
invaders.
Special cells react to each
kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.
• A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
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•White blood cells that target specific
pathogens are called lymphocytes.
• T-cells and B-cells are two major types of
lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.
B- Cells
T- Cells
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• Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.
• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.
• Once a pathogen is encountered by
the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it
will have antibodies ready to fight
the pathogen.
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An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody immune
response.
Antigens include:




Toxins
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Cells of transplanted organs.
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• Immunity is a state in which the body has
sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or
invasion by pathogens.
• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the
defenses that are in place at all times and are
not specific to the pathogen to which the
system is responding.
• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and
ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.
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Specific Immunity is a specific antibody
response to the pathogen and has been acquired
in one of several ways.
• Antibodies were transferred from mother to
fetus across the placenta.
• Antibodies were transferred through breast
milk from mother to child.
• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure
to the pathogen.
• Antibodies were be built up through a
vaccination process.
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• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is
weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ
that makes you sick.
• Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes
your body's immune system build antibodies to it.
• Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some
thorough a nasal spray.
• In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter
school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B,
Diphtheria, and Tetanus
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The lymphatic system is an
extensive drainage
network that helps keep
bodily fluid levels in
balance and defends the
body against infections.
It filters out organisms
that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies
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• It is made up of a network of lymphatic
vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery
fluid that contains protein molecules, salts,
glucose, urea, and other substances —
throughout the body.
• It works closely with the immune system and
the circulatory system.
• The Spleen stores many of the white blood
cells needed for the immune response.
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Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus
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Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus
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Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu
complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus
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Regents Practice Question
It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu
complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus
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1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins called hormones.
2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream
and they travel to the target cells or organs.
3. The main function of the endocrine system is to
maintain a stable environment within the body or
homeostasis.
4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:
Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
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Gland
Hormone Produced
Effects
Hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone
Acts on the kidney to
regulate fluid balance
Pituitary
9 different hormones
Growth and regulates other
glands
Thyroid
Thyroxine
Metabolism
Pancreas
Insulin & glucagon
Blood sugar
Adrenal
Epinephrine
Heart rate & blood
pressure
Testes
Testosterone
Sperm & male
characteristics
Ovaries
Estrogen & progesterone
Eggs & female
characteristics
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The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system
through the use of various feedback mechanisms.
 A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological
reaction is actually being controlled by the end products
of that reaction.
Negative feedback loop are most common.
•original stimulus reversed
•most feedback systems in the body are negative
•used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
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Receptor
Structures that monitor a
controlled condition and detect changes
Control center
determines next action
Effector
receives directions from the
control center produces a
response that restores the
controlled condition
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Thermostat detects a
temperature lower than
the desired value.
Furnace
Turns
On
Furnace
Turns
Off
Thermostat detects a
temperature higher
than the desired value.
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Brain senses a drop in
body temperature
Impulses
sent to
muscles to
stop
shivering
Impulses
sent to
muscles to
begin
shivering
Brain detects increase
in body temperature
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Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for
the diagram?
(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in
Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to
Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an
Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds
to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
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Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram
Which title would be appropriate for
the diagram?
(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in
Response to Intake of Water
(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to
Maintain Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an
Increase in Muscle Activity
(4) The Nervous System Responds
to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
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1. What happens to a
person’s blood glucose level
after eating?
2.What 2 hormones does the
pancreas secrete?
3.Which hormone lowers
glucose levels?
4. Which hormone raises
glucose levels?
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Osteoporosis is a
disease in which
bones become fragile
and more likely to
break. If not
prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
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