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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Intro to immunity Pgs 368-380 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Fluids Plasma Interstitial/intercellular/tissue fluid Lymph The Lymphatic System, Part 1 YouTube Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.5a The Lymphatic System Physiology Filters lymph Disease resistance and body defenses Transports filtered fluids back to the blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.1 The Lymphatic System Anatomy •Lymph (fluid) •Lymphatic vessels and capillaries •Bone marrow and WBC’s •Lymph nodes •Other Lymphatic Organs -spleen -thymus -tonsils -Peyer’s patches Slide 12.1 Lymphatic Structures Details: Lymph Excess plasma or tissue fluid that enters lymphatic vessels Gets filtered, then returns to blood Water Blood cells Proteins Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.2 Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels * Figure 12.1 • One way system to transport lymph (toward heart!) • No pump- so flows using same 3 mechanisms as veins• breathing, valves, & milking action of skeletal muscles Slide 12.3b Lymph pathway 10 11 SVC In lymphatics 1. 2. 3. 4. Tissue fluid from BV Lymph Capillary Lymph in vessel Lymphatic Collecting vessel with valve 5. Lymph Node 6. Lymphatic Vessel 7. Lymph Trunk 8. Lymph Duct 9. Subclavian Vein 10. SVC 11. Heart R.A. 12. Arterial System 13. Tissue Fluid From B.V. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummigs 12 RA of 9 Subclavian vein 6 8 7 Lymphatic vessels 5 4 3 lymph 1 2 1 plasma Interstitial fluid 13 Figure 12.2 1 Slide 12.4a Disorder of Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels Elephantiasis Occurs in the presence of Wuchereria banchrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori microscopic, thread-like parasitic worms, all of which are transmitted by mosquitoes Filarial worms (parasite) The parasite infects the lymph nodes and blocks the flow of lymph throughout theasbody; this results in chronic Edema Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.3b 1. Tissue fluid from BV 7. Lymph Trunk 11. Heart R.A. Lymphatic Vessel 6. 4. Lymphatic Collecting Vessel (with valve) 5. Lymph Node 9. Subclavian Vein 3. Lymph in vessel 12. Arterial System 8. Lymph Duct 10. SVC 2. Lymph Capillary 13. Tissue Fluid From B.V. YAY!!! Bone Marrow • Site of hematopoiesis • Initial production of WBC’s used to fight infection Lymph Nodes Functions: Protect body by removing (filtering) foreign substances (bacteria & cancer cells) from lymph Use stored WBC’s to function in immunity T and B Lymphocytes Macrophages Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.6a Lymph Node Structure cortex Cortex= surface Medulla= center cortex More afferent than efferent vessels to slow lymph flow Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Figure 12.7b 12.4 Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign substances in medulla of lymph node B and T Lymphocytes – provide “specific” immune response in follicles of cortex of lymph node Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.6a Disorders of lymph nodes Inflammation- WBC’s release chemicals that cause redness, swelling, heat, pain due to increased permeability of capillaries • Cancer- spreads through lymphatic vessels and causes tumors in lymph nodes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.1 Lymph Nodes-located along lymphatic vessels 3 most common collections of lymph nodes Figure 12.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings vessels Slide 12.6b Other Lymphoid (Lymphatic) Organs Spleen Thymus Tonsils Peyer’s patches Figure 12.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.9 Spleen • Left side of abdomen Filters blood • Destroys worn out RBC’s Stores platelets Blood reservoir (released during hemorrhaging) Maturation of B lymphocytes in adults Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.10 Thymus On top of heart Maturation of T lymphocytes prior to puberty Also secretes hormones (hence “gland”) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.11 Tonsils In ring in throat Modified lymph nodes Trap and remove foreign substances Tonsilitis is caused by tonsils being over run with bacteria causing chronic inflammation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.12 Peyer’s Patches In wall of the small intestine Modified lymph nodes Destroy bacteria before entering blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.13 Body Defenses • PATHOGENS= 3 hostile, foreign materials that cause disease • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi * lymphatic system organs and cells defend against pathogens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.15a Body Defenses Preview Nonspecific- fight all kinds of pathogens 1st line -mechanical barriers- prevent entry of pathogens 2nd line -chemical barriers- prevent spread of pathogens (defensive cells & antimicrobial chemicals) Specific- attack SPECIFIC pathogens •3rd line - B and T lymphocytes (immune system) & their secretions, fight specific pathogens, provide memory after initial exposure (against future exposure to the same pathogen) Slide 12.15a Nonspecific- (1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers • Inherited resistance to disease “species resistance” Slide 12.17a Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense( Mechanical Barriers • surface membranes skin mucus membranes Prevent entry of pathogens into body Slide 12.17a Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers 4 Secretions from mucus membranes: pH and oil of skin Stomach and vaginal acids Saliva and tears Mucus Kills, traps, washes away pathogens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.17a Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense) Mechanical Barriers Hair-like structures in membranes Nasal hairs Cilia Traps pathogens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.17a Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers • Defensive Cells: 1. WBC’s that are phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)- perform phagocytosis Kills pathogens once they enter blood to prevent damage Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18a Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Defensive Cells: 2. Natural killer cells Poke “holes” in foreign cells Plays a role in hostrejection of tumors & virus infected cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18b Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Inflammatory response chemotaxis Attract more WBC’s to kill pathogens, prevent more damage by pathogens inflammation Figure 12.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.21 Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Antimicrobial chemicals 1. Interferon- made in 3rd line by T cells (but activates more nonspecific 2nd line of defense) •Proteins (produced by virusinfected cells) that bind to healthy cell membrane receptors… “warns them”! •Hinders the ability of a virus to reproduce in the “Warned” healthy cells Slide 12.22a Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) 2. Complementactivated in 3rd line by Chemical Barriers antibodies but activates Antimicrobial chemicals more nonspecific 2nd line •Increase Inflammatory Response •Plasma proteins •Also plays a role in specific 3rd line of defense Nonspecific (2nd line of defense) Chemical Barriers Antimicrobial chemicals 3. Pyrogens and fever Increase in body temperature to kill pathogens (usually between 102- 104 F) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22a Review of 1st and 2nd Lines of Defense ___ Where macrophages are found A. Medulla of Lymph Node ___ Structures that take part in 1st line of defense (4) B. Stomach Acid C. Neutrophils ___ Defensive Cells in 2nd line of defense (3) D. Cortex of Lymph Node ___ Phagocytic Cells (2) E. Lymphocytes (B & T) F. Macrophages G. Pyrogens H. NK Cells I. Cilia of Respiratory System & nasal hair J. Compliment K. Skin L. Interferon M. Mucous Membranes ___ Results in a fever ___ chemical that makes porous holes in pathogens to kill them ___ stops viral reproduction ___ Cells that kill pathogens by poking holes in their membranes (with perforin) ___ Run the 3rd line of defense Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes •Immune response- specific response by T and B lymphocytes to pathogens •Immunology- study of immunity and diseases that result Slide 12.17a Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes •3 aspects of specific immune response: •Antigen specific •Systemic •Memory Slide 12.17a Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes •AMI (antibody mediated or humoral)- uses B lymphocytes (B cells) and antibodies (Y) to attack extracellular (outside cell) antigens •Exs bacteria, extracellular viruses •CMI (cell mediated)- uses T lymphocytes (T cells) and their chemicals to attack intracellular antigens •Exs cancer, viral infected cells, transplanted tissue Slide 12.17a Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes •Antigen (Ag)- any substance that causes an immune response in 3rd line of defense •Ex any pathogens plus haptens •Self antigens- part of our body, we don’t attack, but can be attacked if given to someone else •Nonself antigens- foreign substances that our immune system attacks Slide 12.17a Specific Defense (3rd Line of Defense) T and B lymphocytes Slide 12.17a