Download Regents Biology - Explore Biology

phagocytic
leukocyte
“Fighting the
Enemy Within”
Immune System
AP Biology
lymphocytes
attacking
cancer cell
lymph
system
2006-2007
Avenues of attack
 Points of entry
digestive system
 respiratory system
 urogenital tract
 break in skin

 Pathways for attack
circulatory system
 lymph system

Regents Biology
Why an immune system?
 ___________________________________


lots of organisms want you for lunch!
we are a tasty vitamin-packed meal
 cells are packages of macromolecules
 no cell wall

___________________________________
 _____________________
 HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS
 _____________________
 pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
 _____________________
 yeast
 _____________________
 amoeba, Lyme disease, malaria

___________________________________
 __________________________
Regents Biology
What’s for
lunch?!
How are invaders recognized?
 ____________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________
 “self” vs. “invader”
one of your
own cells
disease-causing
virus
disease-causing
bacteria
antigens say:
“I belong here”
antigens say:
“I am an invader”
antigens say:
“I am an invader”
Regents Biology
Lines of defense
 ____________________________

broad, external defense
 “walls & moats”

____________________________
 ____________________________

broad, internal defense
 “patrolling soldiers”

____________________________
 ____________________________

specific, acquired immunity
 “elite trained units”

____________________________
Regents Biology
 B & T cells
1st line: Physical Barriers
 non-specific defense
 external barriers


______________________
______________________
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________
 “lick your wounds”
Regents Biology
Lining of trachea:
ciliated cells &
mucus secreting
cells
2nd: Generalist, broad range patrols
 Patrolling ________________________

__________________________________
__________________________________
 _____________________________________
_____________________________________
 surface name tag

phagocyte cells
 ____________________
 “big eaters”
Regents Biology
Macrophage “eating” bacteria
Lymph system
Production of white blood cells &
traps “foreign” invaders
lymph vessels
(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
Regents Biology
2nd
“circulatory” system
lymph node
Phagocytes
macrophage
bacteria
white blood cells that eat
macrophage
Regents Biology
yeast
Why do injuries swell?
 Inflammation

injured cells release chemical signals
Pin or splinter
 _____________
 increases blood
flow
 brings more
white blood
cells to fight
bacteria
 brings more red
blood cells &
clotting factors
to repair
Regents Biology
Bacteria
Blood clot
Swelling
Chemical
alarm
signals
Phagocytes
Blood vessel
Fever
 When a local response is not enough

full body response to infection

raises body temperature

higher temperature helps in defense
 slows growth of germs
 helps macrophages
 speeds up repair of tissues
Regents Biology
3rd line: Lymphocytes
 Specific defense

responds to specific
invaders
 recognizes specific
foreign antigens
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
___________________________
 ___________________________
Regents Biology
B cell
B cells & antibodies
 ___________________________
white blood cells that attack
invaders in blood
 mature in Bone marrow

 Plasma B cells

____________________________________
 Memory B cells

____________________________________

can make antibodies quickly the next time
 protects you from getting disease more than once
Regents Biology
Antibodies
 Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in
the blood so macrophages can eat them

tag says “this is an invader”  gotcha!
 biological handcuffs

__________________________________
B cells
releasing antibodies
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
invading germs tagged
with antibodies
Regents Biology
Y
Y
Y Y
Y
Y
macrophage
eating tagged invaders
Y
B cells immune response
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
“reserves”
Y YY Y
Y
Y
Y Y memory B cells
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
recognition
B cells
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
B cells
release
antibodies
patrol blood
forever
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
(foreign antigen)
Y
Y
Y
invader
Y
Y
10 to 17 days
Y
Y
Y
Regents Biology
Y
Y
Vaccinations
 ____________________________________
____________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________

rapid response if
future exposure
 Most successful
against viral diseases
Regents Biology
1914 – 1995
Jonas Salk
 Developed first vaccine

against polio
April 12, 1955
Regents Biology
Polio epidemics
1994:
Americas polio free
Regents Biology
Protecting you from disease
 ________________________

advantage
 don’t get illness
 long term immunity
 produce antibodies for life
 works against many viruses
& bacteria

IMPORTANT
PROTECTION
 disadvantage
 not possible against all invaders antibodies pass
from mother to
________________________
baby in breast
milk
 mother’s milk gives baby
Regents Biology
antibodies & keeps baby healthy
What if the attacker gets past
the B cells in the blood &
infects some of your cells?
You need trained assassins
to kill off these infected cells!
T
AP Biology
Attack
of the
Killer T cells!
2006-2007
T cells
 T cells mature in Thymus
 Helper T cells

_________________________
________________________
 Killer T cells

_____________________________
 Memory T cells

remembers invader & reacts
against it again quickly
Where’s that?
Regents Biology
Thymus
Regents Biology
Attack of the Killer T cells
 ____________________________________
T cell binds to invaded cell
 secretes perforating protein

 punctures cell membrane of infected cell
 cell bursts
Killer T cell
Vesicle
Cell
membrane
Perforin
punctures
cell membrane
Cell
membrane
Regents Biology
Invaded cell
Immune response
invader
skin
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y Regents Biology Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
invaders infect cells
Y
Y
invaders in blood
skin
Diseases of the immune system
 HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
__________________________
 helper T cells can’t activate rest of
immune system

 body doesn’t hear the alarm
 AIDS:
Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome

____________________________________
____________________________________
 death usually from other
diseases or cancer

Regents Biology
How to protect yourself…
Regents Biology
Curing you of disease
 _____________________________

advantage
 kill bacteria that have successfully
invaded you
 make you well after being sick

disadvantage
 use only after sick
 only good against bacteria
 possible development of
resistance by bacteria
(if don’t use correctly)
 can get sick again
Regents Biology
Immune system malfunctions
 __________________________

immune system attacks own cells
 lupus
 antibodies attack many different
body cells
 rheumatoid arthritis
 antibodies causing damage to
cartilage & bone
 diabetes
 insulin-making cells of pancreas
attacked & destroyed
 multiple sclerosis
 T cells attack myelin sheath of
brain & spinal cord nerves
 fatal
Regents Biology
Immune system malfunctions
 Allergies

___________________________________
 allergens
 proteins on pollen
 proteins from dust
mites
 proteins in animal
saliva
 body mistakenly
thinks they are
attackers
Regents Biology
Blood type: antigens & antibodies
blood
type
antigen
on RBC
antibodies
in blood
donation
status
A
___________ antigens
on surface of RBC
___________
antibodies
__
B
___________ antigens
on surface of RBC
___________
antibodies
__
AB
___________________
antigens on surface of
RBC
______ antibodies
O
________________
on surface of RBC
________________
antibodies
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Matching compatible blood groups is critical for blood transfusions
A person
produces antibodies against foreign blood antigens
Regents Biology
Blood donation
Regents Biology
It’s safe
to ask Questions!
AP Biology
2009-2010