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Wednesday, 21 September Chapter 11 The Endocrine System Chapter 6 Nervous System A and B Two 1QQs returned on Piano Lab this week: Analyzing a research paper + First Endocrine Case study. Lab next week: Four more cases in endocrinology 1QQ # for 8:30 Write the number of the one question you choose to answer. 1) Suppose the portal vessel that connects the median eminence to the adenohypophysis was completely occluded (blocked.) Which hypothalamic hormone(s) could not reach their target cells? a) ACTH b) CRH c) DA d) Prolactin e) TRH f) TSH g) FHS h) T3 i) GnRH j) ADH OR 2A Name the hormone normally secreted by hepatocytes. 2B Name the hormone secreted by cells in the adenohypophysis that stimulates the secretion of the “liver” hormone. 2C Suppose liver cells form a tumor that secretes the “liver” hormone in an unregulated manner. Assuming cells in the adenohypophysis are behaving normally, would the levels of the tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary be normal, high, or low? 1QQ # for 9:30 Write the number of the one question you choose to answer. 1) Suppose the portal vessel that connects the median eminence to the adenohypophysis was completely occluded (blocked.) Which hypothalamic hormone(s) could not reach their target cells? a) Oxytocin b) Prolactin c) DA d) CRH e) TRH f) TSH g) FHS h) T3 i) GnRH j) ADH OR 2 Cells in the anterior pituitary gland that secrete TSH a) have receptors for TRH in their cell membranes b) can sense the levels of T3 and T4 in the plasma c) will release more TSH as levels of TRH rise d) Should release less TSH after a person has been treated with radioactive iodine e) Should release less TSH if a person is dosed with exogenous TH. Tropic hormones control the function S6 Trophic hormones promote survival and growth of targets P P P P A P Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system P P S P P P A Releasing Hormone Release-inhibiting Hormone P S Tropic hormones control the function Trophic hormones promote survival and growth of targets Short-loop Neg. Feed. Long-loop negative feedback Releasing Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormone S7 Vasopressin Cytokines from immune cells CRH from Hypothalamus ACTH from Ant. Pit ⇧Cortisol secretion from Adrenal Cortex S8 Physical trauma Prolonged exposure to cold Prolonged intense exercise Infection Sleep deprivation Pain Fright Emotional distress Basal levels of Cortisol Required for normal sensitivity to EPI; symptoms of excess cortisol are….. Clinical example: treatment of chronic inflammation (e.g. arthritis) with high doses of cortisol can lead to Cushing’s Syndrome! Mobilize fuel from muscle & adipose tissue Suppress non-essential functions (reproduction & growth) Suppress inflammatory & immune responses Potentiates response to EPI (vascular smooth muscle) Cushing’s Syndrome Excess Cortisol from 1) adrenal cortex tumor (primary) or 2) hypersecretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary (secondary) Who Cares? Vasopressin Cytokines from immune cells CRH from Hypothalamus S8 Physical trauma Prolonged exposure to cold Prolonged intense exercise Infection Sleep deprivation Pain Fright Emotional distress ACTH from Ant. Pit ⇧Cortisol secretion from Adrenal Cortex Mobilize fuel from muscle & adipose tissue Suppress non-essential functions (reproduction & growth) Suppress inflammatory & immune responses Potentiates response to EPI (vascular smooth muscle) Age 16, 33, 52 No Relation! S4 Disorder =Acromegaly Type of endocrine disorder = ???? GHRH SS GH S5 • Excessive growth of bones and soft tissues of face and hands, and feet. • Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone from adenohypophysis or ectopic tumor in adults • Treatment? • Somatostatin analogs? • GH receptor blockers • Transphenoidal resection/ablation with focal radiation Compare to Pituitary Gigantism S9 Applied Physiology: Menopause Widmaier text p. 626-7 • • • • Onset ~ age 50 Irregular menstrual cycles Breasts and genital organs gradually atrophy Decrease in bone mass & strength (osteoporosis) (bone resorption > bone deposition) • Hot flashes…sweating, etiology unknown • Increased incidence of coronary artery disease Menopause, continued. • Caused by ovarian failure….loss of estrogen • Estrogen has protective function for cardiovascular system and sustains bone • Diagnosis – Test estrogen levels – Test FSH levels….interpretation if high? • Treatment – Hormone replacement therapy – Risk of HRT: increased incidence of breast cancer & uterine endometrial cancer – Advantages: alleviates symptoms, restores cardiovascular protection, sustains bone density S 10 S6 Neurons? Endocrine cells? Neuroendocrine cells? Neurons and endocrine cells are very involved in homeostasis. To Chapter 6!