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The Immune & Lymphatic System, Ch.22 Types of Defense ________________________: Innate defenses Present at birth and provide immediate protection 1st line of defense: skin and mucous membranes 2nd line of defense: internal defenses ________________________: Immunity ______________ ______________ Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms Physical barriers Chemical barriers Increase in body temperature Production of antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response First line: skin & mucous membranes Physical and chemical barriers: Epidermis Skin =barrier, & when sheds will remove microbes Invade adjacent tissues & circulation thru cuts Mucus- traps microbes Hair, cilia Lacrimal apparatus- tears contain lysozyme Lysozyme found in: tears, perspiration, nasal secretions, & tissue fluids Urine, vaginal secretions, defecation, vomit Acidic: sebum, perspiration, gastric juice, vaginal secretions Second line: Internal defenses Antimicrobial proteins: Interferons (IFN)- virus infected cells produce antiviral proteins, communicate to uninfected cells Complement system- enhance immune, cytolysis, phagocytosis, inflammation Transferrins- inhibit bacterial growth Natural Killer Cells & phagocytes Inflammation Fever: ↑ temp due to reset hypothalamic thermostat Intensifies IFN, microbes, speed up repair Natural Killer Cells NKC = 5-10% of lymphocytes in blood Spleen, lymph nodes, RBM Lack molecules to identify T & B cells Ability to kill variety of infected & tumor cells Attack cell w/abnormal MHC Bind Release granules of toxic substance • Perforin cytolysis • Granzymes induce apoptosis or self-destruction Kills cell but NOT MICROBES inside cell • Microbes need to be phagocytized Phagocytes Phagocytosis (part of Specific Immunity): Neutrophils __________________ wandering macrophages Fixed macrophages stay put • Histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar, microglia, and tissue macrophages in spleen, lymph nodes, & RBM 5 phases: _________________ Adherence Ingestion Digestion Killing Inflammatory response fig 22.10 Causes: pathogens (bacteria, virus), abrasions, chemical irritations, disturbances of cells, extreme temperatures, burns, radiation 4 signs & symptoms: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Can also cause loss of function depending upon site and extent of injury: Inflammatory response (2) Purpose: attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, foreign substances Prevents spread of above Prepare for repair and restoration 3 Stages of inflammation: Vasodilation & ↑ bv permeability Emigration of phagocytes Tissue repair Vasodilation & ↑ permeability Vasodilation ↑ blood flow to area Remove microbial toxins, dead cells ↑ permeability proteins & clotting factors Substances responsible: Histamine Kinins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Complement 1. When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration and swelling, this is an indication that A. B. C. D. E. an immune response is underway fever is developing inflammation is occurring Ab are phagocytizing target cells fever is ending 2. Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells of the presence of a virus? A. B. C. D. E. Complement Interferon Pyrogen Antigen Antibodies 3. Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. A. B. C. D. E. Trypsin Amylase Lysozyme Salivase Kinase Specific resistance: Immunity Specificity and memory Humoral or antibody-mediated (AMI) _________________ into plasma cells synthesize & ___________ or immunoglobulins Antibody bind and inactivates its antigen Cell- mediated (CMI) _______________ proliferate into cytotoxic T cells that ______________ the invading antigen T cell populations Cytotoxic T cells: Kill infected cells and cancer cells Helper T cells: Secrete __________________- help regulate B cells and T cells, play a pivotal role in BOTH humoral & cell mediated responses Secrete protein factors and molecules secreted to regulate neighboring cells Memory T cells: Remain from proliferated clone after CM response Cell mediated immunity Activation of T cells by specific antigen T cell proliferation & differentiation into clone of effector cells Elimination – ________________ cytolysis Specific to specific antigens Can leave lymph tissue to seek and destroy foreign antigens Antibody-mediated response _______________________ ________ responds to _____________ antigen Stay in lymph tissue: nodes,spleen,MALT Activated upon presence of foreign antigen Differentiate into plasma cells Produce antibodies Ab circulate in lymph and blood to reach invasion site Some B cells become ____________________ Ab-mediated response Inactive B cell receptor binds antigen, can stimulate T cell to intensify response Plasma cells develop and produce Ab Memory cells develop and remain to respond to antigen in the future Production of antibodies 4. A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n) A. B. C. D. E. Antigen Immunoglobulin Hapten Antibody Histamine 5. The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) A. B. C. D. E. helper T-cell memory cell antigen-presenting cell plasma cell macrophage 6. Active, artificially acquired immunity is a result of A. Vaccination B. Ab passed from mother to fetus through the placenta C. Ab passed from mother to baby through breast milk D. injection of immune serum E. Ab produced due to previous exposure to an antigen Clinical Connections Organ transplants- rejection dependent upon similarity of MHCs Immunodeficiency- as in HIV, lose helper T cells, opportunistic infections may occur Autoimmune diseases- fail to display self tolerance and attack own tissues Hypersensitivity- allergic rxn to things that most people tolerate (4 types) 7. Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells A. through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane B. by secreting antibodies C. by phagocytosis D. through injection of tumor necrosis factor E. Causing an inflammatory response 8. Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are A. B. C. D. E. neutrophils T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Basophils Eosinophils 9. This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens: A. B. C. D. E. Allergy Immunodeficiency Anaphylaxis Autoimmune disease Inflammatory response The Lymphatic System Vessels Primary lymphatic organs Red bone marrow Thymus Secondary lymph organs and tissue Lymph nodes Spleen Lymph nodules (tissue because lacks capsule) Functions of the Lymphatic System Draining excess interstitial fluid ______________ = interstitial fluid that has passed into a lymph vessel Transporting dietary lipids Lacteals-- GI tract to blood Protecting against invasion through immune responses Lymphatic tissue = specialized reticular CT with many lymphocytes Lymphatic vessels, fig 22.2 Lymphatic vessels Begin as lymph capillaries Spaces between cells, closed one end Unite to form larger vessels Lymph vessels resemble veins but Are thinner Have more valves Intervals along vessels: lymph nodes w/masses of T cells & B cells Lymphatic vessels (2) In skin: lie in subQ, follow same general route as veins Viscera: generally follow arteries forming plexuses around them Avascular tissue: often lack lymphatic capillaries Cartilage, epidermis, cornea, CNS, spleen, RBM Lymph capillaries Slightly larger than blood capillaries have a unique structure: interstitial fluid can flow in but not out endothelial cells in wall overlap BUT: when pressure is greater in interstitial fluid than in lymph, cells separate slightly one-way valve opening, fluid enters when pressure greater capillary, closed & lymph cannot flow out Lymph capillaries (2) Anchoring filaments- contain elastic fibers, attach lymphatic endothelial cells to surrounding tissues When excess interstitial fluid accumulates, tissue swells filaments are pulled, opening larger for fluid to enter Lacteals- specialized lymph capillaries in small intestine Carry dietary lipids lymph vesselsblood Chlye- lipids present in lymph Lymph formation and flow Most components of plasma can filter freely to form interstitial fluid More out than back in lymph returns this fluid Excess filtered fluid≈ 3L/day=lymph Small amt of proteins (most plasma proteins too large) Proteins don’t easily diffuse backlymph important Valves for one way movement Skeletal and respiratory pumps (as veins) Lymph nodes ≈ 600 scattered throughout body superficial and deep, usually in groups however, high concentration in Mammary gland Axillae Groin Function as filters Foreign substances trapped by reticular fibers within sinuses Macrophages destroy by phagocytosis Lymphocytes destroy by immune responses Flow thru nodes is unidirectional Afferent lymphatic vessels valves of node subcapsular sinus trabecular sinuses (cortex) medullary sinuses one of 2 efferent lymph vessels valves hilum = also where bv enter and leave Primary (1°) lymphatic organs Where stem cells divide & become immunocompetent Red Bone Marrow Thymus Stem cells divide & mature into B cells – red bone marrow T cells - thymus 2° Lymphatic organs and tissue Where most immune responses occur Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic nodules MALT – mucosa associated lymphatic tissue in mucous membrane: GI, urinary, repro tracts and respiratory airways • GALT- gut associated lymphoid tissue Tonsils Peyer’s patches Spleen is a lymphatic organ, fig 22.7 Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue In fetus develops blood cells Phagocytosis of worn out blood cells 2 types of tissue: white pulp- mostly lymphatic tissue Macrophages & lymphocytes arranged around branches of splenic artery red pulp – consists of venous sinuses filled with blood & cords of splenic tissue RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, & granulocytes Functions of the red pulp of spleen ______________ by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective red blood cells and platelets _______________________ (up to 1/3 of body’s supply) _____________________ during fetal life