Download Sensation, Perception and Learning

STUDYING SENSATION &
PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation
and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
STUDYING SENSATION &
PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation
and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
2. Habituation method
STUDYING SENSATION &
PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL
INFANTS
A. Difference between sensation
and perception?
B. Techniques
1. Preference method
2. Habituation method
3. Evoked potentials
4. High-Amplitude sucking
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
1. Least developed of senses
2. Acuity (20/600)
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
1. Least developed of senses
2. Acuity (20/600)
3. Color Vision
4. Visual Contrast
5. Brightness Discrimination
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
1. Discrimination
2. Voices
3. Language
4. Hearing loss/Ear infections
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
C. Taste and Smell
1. Preferences
2. Discrimination
MOM’S SENSORY CAPABILITIES!
INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES
A. Vision in Newborns
B. Hearing in Newborns
C. Taste and Smell
D. Touch, Temperature & Pain
1. Sensitivity
2. Circumcision
INFANT PERCEPTION
Perception: The interpretation of
sensory input by the brain.
Activities to illustrate the
importance of perception and
expectation….
INFANT PERCEPTION
Reality….does an objective reality
exist that our senses detect and
classify
OR
Is reality what we create to make
sense of ambiguous stimuli?
Modern Theories of Perceptual
Development
Enrichment Theory
Differentiation Theory
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
a. 0-2 months
b. 2-12 months
c. Face perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
Basic Definitions:
Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images
to produce one image that has depth
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth
and distance cues
INFANT PERCEPTION
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth
and distance cues
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
Basic Definitions:
Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images
to produce one image that has depth
Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth
and distance cues
Visual looming – object looks bigger
as it draws closer to the face
Kinetic cues – created by movements
of objects or body
INFANT PERCEPTION
A. Visual Perception
1. Perception of Patterns/Forms
2. Perception of 3-D Space
a. Early use of Kinetic cues
b. Size Constancy
c. Pictorial Cues
d. Depth Perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
Depth Perception
INFANT PERCEPTION
Intermodal Perception: the ability to
use one sensory modality to identify
a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is
already familiar through another
modality.
When do babies display these
abilities?
Neurological Effects of Visual
Deprivation
Visual system requires patterned
stimulation for normal development
- chimp studies
- cataracts
- kittens
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Habituation – to stop attending or
responding to sensory stimulation that
is presented over and over.
- developmental trends
- individual differences
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS
UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned
Stimulus)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS
UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned
Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS
UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned
Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogs
Meat powder (UCS)
Salivation (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS
UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned
Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogs
Meat powder (UCS)
Salivation (UCR)
Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS)
Salivation (UCR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Classical conditioning
Stimulus elicits Response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus + UCS
UCR
(Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned
Stimulus)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Example: Pavlov's dogs
Meat powder (UCS)
Salivation (UCR)
Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS)
Salivation (UCR)
Bell (CS)
Salivation (CR)
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning
(Trial-and-error learning)
Response produces Reinforcement Stimulus
R+
Response (emitted)
R+ is rewarding
R- is aversive
B.F. Skinner
R-
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Possible Consequences of Behavior
Following
Behavior,
Stimulus
Is:
Type of Stimulus
Reward(+)
Aversive(-)
Presented
Positive
Reinforcement
Punishment
Removed
Extinction
Negative
Reinforcement
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning
(Trial-and-error learning)
Applications to child development:
- Can infants remember?
- How to punish effectively?
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
Observational Learning – learning
that results from observing the
behavior of others
- Newborn imitation
- Deferred imitation