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Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey
11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Seven:
Basic Principles of Learning
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Definition of Learning
Learning:
- any relatively permanent change in
behavior brought about through
experience
- change is not always immediately obvious
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Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Russian physician/
neurophysiologis
t
Studied digestive
secretion
Accidentally
discovered
Classical
Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
Classical
conditioning:
- stimulus:
- arbitrary
- response:
- elicited
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Association:
- key element in
classical
conditioning
- association of two
stimuli
- neutral stimulus
- timing
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Terminology of
classical conditioning:
- unconditioned
stimulus (UCS)
- unconditioned
response (UCR)
- conditioned stimulus
(CS)
- conditioned response
(CR)
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus which causes an
automatic unlearned
response
The food
Unconditioned Response
(UCR)
Unlearned behavior of an
organism which occurs
naturally as a result of
stimulation
Salivation when food is in mouth
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Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning
In classical conditioning, the phase associating
a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned
stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Being paired with a stimulus
that causes a response this
will eventually cause a
similar response
Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS)
before pairing
Tone of a bell/tuning fork
Conditioned Response (CR)
The behavior of an organism
when a conditioned stimulus
is presented after the CS has
been paired with a UCS
Salivation
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Definition of classical conditioning:
- form of learning in which a previously
neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by
a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an
unconditioned response (UCR)
- does not depend on the behavior of the
individual being conditioned
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Importance of classical conditioning:
- helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of
human behavior:
- Little Albert
- counterconditioning
- plays a role in our physical health
- sexual arousal
- phobias
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Classical Conditioning
Generalization
Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to
the original CS
“Little Albert” experiment
(Watson and Rosalie Rayner)
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Classical Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
CS
(onion
breath)
CS
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
UCS
(passionate
Kiss)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
CR
(sexual
arousal)
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Classical Conditioning
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CR
(nausea)
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The unconditioned stimulus is the couple
and the unconditioned response from
viewers is feelings of happiness. When
the unconditioned stimulus is paired
with the conditioned stimulus (the
tequila) the conditioned response to the
tequila is happiness. Therefore, the
advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are
hoping that the next time you step into
the liquor store and take a peak at their
tequila you will have feelings of
happiness that are enough to buy some
tequila! Classical conditioning is every
where!
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
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Positive Reinforcement
Issues in the use of
positive reinforcement:
- timing:
- delay of reinforcement
- consistency in the
delivery of
reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement (cont.)
Issues in the use of positive reinforcement
(cont.):
- primary reinforcers
- secondary reinforcers
- schedules of reinforcement:
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Shaping:
- method of
successive
approximations
- Skinner box
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement:
- removal or avoidance of a negative event
- escape conditioning
- avoidance conditioning
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Punishment
Punishment:
- a negative consequence that leads to
a reduction in the frequency of
the behavior that produced it
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Punishment (cont.)
Dangers of punishment:
- reinforcing to the punisher
- generalized inhibiting effect
- learning to dislike and act aggressively
toward the punisher
- criticism trap
- does not teach appropriate behavior
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Punishment (cont.)
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- do not use physical punishment
- punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
- positively reinforce appropriate behavior to
take the place of the inappropriate
behavior
- punish specific behaviors
- do not mix punishment with rewards for the
same behavior
- do not back down
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Contrasting Classical and
Operant Conditioning
Classical
conditioning:
- association between
two stimuli
- involves reflexive,
involuntary
behaviors
- UCS is paired with the
CS independent of
individual’s
behavior
Operant conditioning
- association between a
response and the
resulting
consequence
- complicated voluntary
behaviors
- reinforcing
consequence
occurs only if the
response being
conditioned has just
been elicited
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1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the
shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back.
Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after
hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in
college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue
to get better in your second year.
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start
the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to
start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However,
you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever
you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are
administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug
itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the
clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
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1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the
shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back.
Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after
hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
CC
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in
college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue
to get better in your second year.
OP
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start
the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to
start the car without buckling the seat belt.
OP
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However,
you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever
you smell it.
CC
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are
administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug
itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the
clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
CC
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Stimulus Discrimination and
Generalization
Stimulus discrimination:
- discrimination
between appropriate
and inappropriate
occasions for a
response
Stimulus generalization:
- one does not always
discriminate between
stimuli that are similar
to one another
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Extinction: Learning When to
Quit
Removing the source of learning:
- partial reinforcement effect:
- schedule of reinforcement and type of
reinforcement greatly influence the speed
of extinction
- response prevention:
- avoidance responses are prevented to be sure
the individual sees that the negative
consequences do not occur
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Extinction: Learning When to
Quit (cont.)
Spontaneous Recovery:
- if there is a long period of
time between
presentations of the
CS, the fear can
reappear the next
time the CS is
presented
Disinhibition:
- if an intense but unrelated
stimulus event occurs, it
may cause the strength
of the extinguished
response to return
temporarily
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Strength
of CR
Acquisition
(CS+UCS)
Extinction
(CS alone)
Spontaneous
recovery of
CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning
Cognition or
connection?
- place learning:
- cognitive map
- latent learning
- insight learning and
learning sets:
- insight
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Modeling:
- eliciting desired behavior by showing how
it is done
- Albert Bandura:
- modeling:
- Bobo doll
- vicarious reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Biological factors in learning:
- Cook and Mineka:
- lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching
video
- John Garcia:
- learned taste aversion:
- chemotherapy side effect
- wildlife preservation:
- sheep and coyotes
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Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversion
John Garcia
Can learn association
between taste and nausea
even hours after eating
Adaptive for survival
Challenged idea that pairing
must be immediate
Examples:
Problems for chemotherapy
patients
Mr. Koch’s dad & chocolate
milk
Binge drinkers and tequila
Nausea-inducing drugs &
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alcohol
All rights reserved.