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Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Seven: Basic Principles of Learning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Definition of Learning Learning: - any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience - change is not always immediately obvious © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologis t Studied digestive secretion Accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning: - stimulus: - arbitrary - response: - elicited © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Association: - key element in classical conditioning - association of two stimuli - neutral stimulus - timing © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Terminology of classical conditioning: - unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - unconditioned response (UCR) - conditioned stimulus (CS) - conditioned response (CR) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Stimulus which causes an automatic unlearned response The food Unconditioned Response (UCR) Unlearned behavior of an organism which occurs naturally as a result of stimulation Salivation when food is in mouth © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Acquisition The initial stage of learning In classical conditioning, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Being paired with a stimulus that causes a response this will eventually cause a similar response Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing Tone of a bell/tuning fork Conditioned Response (CR) The behavior of an organism when a conditioned stimulus is presented after the CS has been paired with a UCS Salivation © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Definition of classical conditioning: - form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) - does not depend on the behavior of the individual being conditioned © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning (cont.) Importance of classical conditioning: - helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of human behavior: - Little Albert - counterconditioning - plays a role in our physical health - sexual arousal - phobias © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Generalization Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to the original CS “Little Albert” experiment (Watson and Rosalie Rayner) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning UCS (passionate kiss) CS (onion breath) CS (onion breath) UCR (sexual arousal) UCS (passionate Kiss) UCR (sexual arousal) CR (sexual arousal) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CR (nausea) © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The unconditioned stimulus is the couple and the unconditioned response from viewers is feelings of happiness. When the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus (the tequila) the conditioned response to the tequila is happiness. Therefore, the advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are hoping that the next time you step into the liquor store and take a peak at their tequila you will have feelings of happiness that are enough to buy some tequila! Classical conditioning is every where! © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning: - positive reinforcement - negative reinforcement - punishment © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement Issues in the use of positive reinforcement: - timing: - delay of reinforcement - consistency in the delivery of reinforcement © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement (cont.) Issues in the use of positive reinforcement (cont.): - primary reinforcers - secondary reinforcers - schedules of reinforcement: - fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schedules of Reinforcement © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Positive Reinforcement Shaping: - method of successive approximations - Skinner box © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Negative Reinforcement Negative reinforcement: - removal or avoidance of a negative event - escape conditioning - avoidance conditioning © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment Punishment: - a negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment (cont.) Dangers of punishment: - reinforcing to the punisher - generalized inhibiting effect - learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher - criticism trap - does not teach appropriate behavior © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment (cont.) Guidelines for the use of punishment: - do not use physical punishment - punish the inappropriate behavior immediately - positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior - punish specific behaviors - do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior - do not back down © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning: - association between two stimuli - involves reflexive, involuntary behaviors - UCS is paired with the CS independent of individual’s behavior Operant conditioning - association between a response and the resulting consequence - complicated voluntary behaviors - reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been elicited © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. 2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. 3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. 4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. 5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. CC 2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. OP 3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. OP 4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. CC 5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. CC © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization Stimulus discrimination: - discrimination between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response Stimulus generalization: - one does not always discriminate between stimuli that are similar to one another © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Extinction: Learning When to Quit Removing the source of learning: - partial reinforcement effect: - schedule of reinforcement and type of reinforcement greatly influence the speed of extinction - response prevention: - avoidance responses are prevented to be sure the individual sees that the negative consequences do not occur © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Extinction: Learning When to Quit (cont.) Spontaneous Recovery: - if there is a long period of time between presentations of the CS, the fear can reappear the next time the CS is presented Disinhibition: - if an intense but unrelated stimulus event occurs, it may cause the strength of the extinguished response to return temporarily © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strength of CR Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Pause © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning Cognition or connection? - place learning: - cognitive map - latent learning - insight learning and learning sets: - insight © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Modeling: - eliciting desired behavior by showing how it is done - Albert Bandura: - modeling: - Bobo doll - vicarious reinforcement - vicarious punishment © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Biological factors in learning: - Cook and Mineka: - lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching video - John Garcia: - learned taste aversion: - chemotherapy side effect - wildlife preservation: - sheep and coyotes © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Taste Aversion John Garcia Can learn association between taste and nausea even hours after eating Adaptive for survival Challenged idea that pairing must be immediate Examples: Problems for chemotherapy patients Mr. Koch’s dad & chocolate milk Binge drinkers and tequila Nausea-inducing drugs & © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. alcohol All rights reserved.