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Learning
A relatively
permanent change in
behavior that occurs
through experience.
Behavioralism
Psychological perspective that
emphasizing the role of learning
and experience in determining
behavior. A strict behavioralist
believes that babies are tabula
rasa and the study of psychology
should focus purely on observable
behaviors and not unobservable
thoughts.
How do we learn?
Most learning is associative learning
• Learning that certain events occur together.
Three Main Types of Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational/Social Learning
Which is which?
1. A child is attacked by
a dog. The child
now fears all dogs.
2. You do your
homework every
night to get good
grades and avoid
punishment.
Classical – involuntary, stimulus
precedes behavior
Operant – voluntary, stimulus
follows behavior
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
An INVOLUNTARY
behavior is
determined by what
PRECEDES it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho
Dogs must have
LEARNED to
salivate.
This is passive
learning
(automatic…learner
does NOT have to
think).-It does exist!

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a
stimulus that naturally and automatically
triggers a response.
Unconditional Response
(UR): the unlearned,
naturally occurring
response to the UCS.
Classical Conditioning
• Next you find a neutral stimulus (something
that by itself elicits no response).
• You present the stimulus with the UCS a
whole bunch of times.
Classical Conditioning
• After a while, the
body begins to link
together the neutral
stimulus with the
UCS.
• Acquisition
Classical Conditioning
• We know learning takes
places when the
previously neutral
stimulus elicits a
response.
• At this point the
neutral stimulus is
called the conditioned
stimulus (CS) and the
unconditional response
becomes the
conditioned response
(CR).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an
originally neutral stimulus (NS) that, after
association with the UCS, comes to
trigger a response.
Conditioned
Response (CR): the
learned response to a
previously neutral
stimulus.
Identifying Parts
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Meat powder
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Salivation
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Bell
Conditioned Response (CR)
Salivation
* Hint: replace “conditioned” with “learned” to make
it more intuitive.
Things to Remember:
• The responses (UR & CR) are always the
same.
• The NS and the CS are always the same.
The NS becomes the CS through learning.
A friend has learned to associate the sound of a dentist’s
drill to a fearful reaction because of a painful experience
she had getting a root canal. In this example, what is the:
–
–
–
–
UCS?
UCR?
CS?
CR?
Pain from the drill
Fear
Sound of the drill
Fear
A BMW commercial has lots of pretty people in it. People
who watch the commercial find the people pleasing
to look at. With repeated viewing, they begin to
associate the car with the pleasant feeling.
•
•
•
•
UCS?
UCR?
CS?
CR?
Pretty people
Feeling good
Sight of BMW
Feeling good