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WHAT IS THERAPY?
Section 1
TYPES OF THERAPY
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Insight therapies involve complex conversations
between therapists and clients. The aim is to help
clients understand the nature of their problems and
the meaning of their behaviors, thoughts, and
feelings. Insight therapists may use a variety of
approaches, including psychodynamic, cognitive, or
humanistic.
Behavior therapies also involve conversations
between therapists and clients but attempt to directly
influence maladaptive behaviors. Behavior therapies
are based on learning principles.
Biomedical therapies involve efforts to directly
alter biological functioning through medication,
electric shock, or surgery.
THE GOALS OF PYSCHOTHERAPY
treatment of psychological problems through
confidential verbal communications with a
mental health professional.
 All psychotherapies offer hope that a problem
will improve, present new perspectives on the
problem, and encourage an empathic relationship
with a therapist.
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TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS
CLINAL/COUNSELING
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have a doctoral degree
as well as specialized
training for
diagnosing and
treating psychological
disorders and
problems of daily
living.
PYSCHIASTRSITS
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physicians.
have a medical degree
and specialize in
diagnosing and treating
psychological disorders.
Psychiatrists tend to
focus on biomedical
therapies, although they
sometimes also provide
psychotherapy.
TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS (CONTINUED)
PYSCHIATRIC SOCIAL
WORKERS & NURSES
provide
psychotherapy, often
in institutional
settings, such as
hospitals and social
service organizations.
 They sometimes
practice
independently as well.
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COUNSELORS
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psychotherapy
services usually work
in schools, colleges,
and social service
organizations.
ADVANTAGES OF
GROUP THERAPY
Group therapies are cost-effective for clients and
time saving for therapists.
 discuss their problems and experiences with one
another and consider different ways of coping.
 They provide each other with acceptance,
support, and honest feedback.
 A therapy group is a place where people can
practice coping strategies and ways of relating to
others.
 Therapy groups also help people to realize they
are not alone in their suffering.
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OTHER TYPES OF
GROUP THERAPY
Self help
 Family
 encounter
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Psychoanalytic treatment focuses on uncovering
unconscious motives, conflicts, and defenses that
relate to childhood experiences.
PSYCHOANALYTIC
APPROACH
Section 2
CLASSIC TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
FREE ASSOCIATION
DREAM ANALYSIS
encourage clients to
 describe their dreams
say anything that
in detail, and the
comes to mind.
psychoanalyst
 Clients are expected
interprets the latent
to put all thoughts
content, or the hidden
into words,
meaning, of these
(incoherent,
dreams.
inappropriate, rude,
or seemingly
TRANSFERENCE
irrelevant.)
 process by which clients relate to
their psychoanalysts as they would
to important figures in their past.
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The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the
self. This view argues that you are free to choose
your own behavior, rather than reacting to
environmental stimuli and reinforces. The major
focus is to facilitate personal development.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Section 3
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY
THERAPISTS-CLIENT
RELATIONSHIP
Non-directive
 client determines the
general direction of
therapy, while the
therapist seeks to
increase the client's
insight and selfunderstanding
through informal
clarifying questions.
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THE GOAL
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Better selfunderstanding; lower
levels of defensiveness,
guilt, and insecurity;
more positive and
comfortable
relationships with
others; higher selfesteem and greater
openness to experience
TECHNIQUES OF CLIENT CENTERED
THERAPY
ACTIVE LISTENING
Listen
 Repeat
 Rephrase
 Clarify
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UNCONDITIONAL
POSTIVE REGARD
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accepts the client
totally for who he or
she is without
evaluating or
censoring, and
without disapproving
of particular feelings,
actions, or
characteristics.
aims to identify and change
maladaptive thinking patterns that
can result in negative emotions
and dysfunctional behavior
COGNITIVE
THERAPY
SECTION 3
RATIONAL-EMOTIVE
Emotional problems
result from faulty
assumptions about the
situations.
 Identify, challenge,
think realistically.
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BECK’S COGNITIVE
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Restructuring
thinking by
identifying the
illogical thought
processes that led to
the conclusion.
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Arbitrary inference
Selective abstraction
overgeneralization
Behavior therapies are based on two
assumptions:
•Behavior is learned.
•Behavior can be changed by applying the
principles of classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and observational learning.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
SECTION 3
THE ROOTS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
COUNTERCONDITIONING
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Systematic
desensitization
Exposure therapy
 flooding
OPERANT
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Token economies
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Aversive conditioning
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a stimulus that evokes
an unpleasant
response is paired
with a stimulus that
evokes a maladaptive
behavior.
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Tokens for desirable
behaviors
Successive
Approximations
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Gradual changes in
behavior until target
behavior is reached.
Medication, electric shock, and
even surgery to help people with
psychological disorders
BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
Section 5
PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY
ANTI-ANXIETY
tranquilizers. Two
commonly used are
known by the brand
names Valium and
Xanax.
 How does it work?
 Side effects?
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ANTI-DEPRESSANT
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typically prescribed
for depression,
anxiety, phobias and
obsessive-compulsive
disorder.
PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY
LITHIUM
Lithium prevents
mood swings in people
with bipolar disorders
 Can cause tremors or
long-term kidney
damage.
 Blood levels must be
carefully monitored.
too low is ineffective,
too high can be toxic.
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ANTI-PYSCHOTIC
Major tranquilizers
 Agitation, delusions,
hallucinations
 Schizophrenia
 Effects of prolonged
usage?
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ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
mainly for the treatment of severe depression.
Electrodes are placed on the patient’s head, over the
temporal lobes of the brain. Anesthetics and muscle
relaxants help minimize discomfort to the patient. Then
an electric current is delivered for about one second.
The patient has a convulsive seizure and becomes
unconscious, awakening after about an hour.
 short-term side effects of ECT, attention deficits and
memory loss.
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PYSCHOSURGERY
best-known form =
prefrontal lobotomy.
 Surgeons performed
lobotomies in the 1940s
and 1950s to treat highly
emotional and violent
behavior.
 The surgery often
resulted in severe
deficits, including
apathy, lethargy, and
social withdrawal.

Rosemary Kennedy
CRITICISMS OF DRUG THERAPY
superficial effects ; last only as long as the drug is
being administered.
 Side effects can often be more severe and
troubling than the disorder for which the drug
was given. This can cause patients to discontinue
the drugs and experience relapses.
 pressure from managed care companies,
physicians may overprescribe drugs rather than
recommend psychotherapy.
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