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Chapter 1 Pangea 250 million years ago, there was a single gigantic continent called Pangea. Ice Age During the most recent ice age, glaciers (represented on map in white) covered much of Earth’s northern hemisphere. Ice ages consist of glacial periods and warmer interglacial periods. Many scientists believe that Earth remains in an interglacial state. © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Glacial Evidence in Yosemite Glacial Evidence Evidence of alpine glaciation in the Selway Crags area of central Idaho. The glacier started in the valley to the left; the valley to the right is a hanging valley, with waterfalls. Bering Strait The first discoverers of North America were nomadic Asians who wandered to America by way of an exposed land bridge from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Children play on the frozen waters of a strait that connects to the Bering Strait, beyond the distant mountains. Globe Staff Photo / Essdras M. Suarez Native hunters prepare to take a skin boat into the frigid waters of the Bering Strait to retrieve a ringed seal that had been shot. Globe Staff Photo / Essdras M. Suarez South and Central American Tribes Advanced societies in Americas – Civilizations – Culture – High Tech – Stable Societies – Farmers – Thinkers – Calendars, Writing, Alphabet – Astronomers Aztecs Aztec were an American Indian people who ruled a mighty empire in Mexico during the 1400's and early 1500's. The Aztec had one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas. They built cities as large as any in Europe at that time. They also practiced a remarkable religion that affected every part of their lives. To worship their gods, the Aztec built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and held impressive ceremonies featuring bloody human sacrifices. Their empire was destroyed by the Spaniards, who conquered it in 1521. But the Aztec left a lasting mark on Mexican culture. The city of Tenochtitlan was the center of religious worship for the Aztecs. Since the Mexica believed that the gods required human blood to subsist, the priests sacrificed thousands of living humans a year, generally captured Indians from surrounding tribes, in order to appease the frightful deities. 4-7 Tenochtitlan and its sister-city Tlatelolco, both situated on an island in Lake Texcoco is the site of modern Mexico City Incas The Inca were well known for their extensive paved road system that was used by the government for communication. They were also famous for the incredible amount of gold and wealth of the Inca rulers. The Inca grew special grains for food such as amaranth and quinoa which are now becoming popular in other parts of the world. Despite their success, the Inca did not have a written language though they did have counting system which used knotted strings for maintaining number records. When the Spanish arrived under the command of Pizarro in the early 1500s they destroyed much of the Inca civilization in their conquest for gold. Machu Picchu, the lost city of the Incas Mayas Mayan Ruins Mayan Ruins North American Indian Tribes Generally low tech Hunter/Gatherers Corn (maize) was the staple crop Iroquois of the east coast were the most advanced of the North American tribes Iroquois Much more advanced than most North American Tribes Matrilineal Culture – Power and possessions passed down to the female side Closest thing to the Aztecs, Mayas and Incas Iroquois League The Iroquois Indians lived in the eastern woodlands. The eastern woodlands was an area made up of New York, Pennsylvania, and the southeast part of Canada. The Iroquois Indians were made up of several tribes such as: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. Their language was Iroquoian. Pueblo Indian Dwelling Mesa Verde Cliff Palace Indirect Discoverers of America 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Original Native Americans who came across the Bering Strait Vikings Crusaders Birth of Nation-States Marco Polo Gutenberg’s Printing Press Prince Henry of Portugal 1. Native Americans at the Bering Strait First Native Americans that walked across the Bering Strait must be given credit as indirect discoverers of America 2. Vikings The most important European explorers from the fall ofthe Roman Empire to about the 1000's were the Vikings, who originally came from Scandinavia. About 800, they settled the Shetlands, the Faroes, and other islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. About 860, a storm drove a Viking ship to a large island that was later named Iceland. The Norse began to settle Iceland about 870, and it became the base for later voyages. About 900, Gunnbjorn Ulfsson, a Viking leader, sighted Greenland. About 982, Eric the Red began exploring the coast of this huge island. Eric and other Vikings later established colonies there. About 986, another Viking leader, Bjarni Herjolfsson (BYAHR nee hehr YOHLF suhn), was driven off course while sailing from Iceland to Greenland. Herjolfsson sighted a coastline to the west--probably North America-but he did not land there. Instead, he went on to Greenland. About 1000, Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, led an exploring party to the land Herjolfsson had sighted. He set up a base at a place he called Vinland. No one knows exactly where Vinland was, but most experts believe that it lay in what is now the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Vikings made several other voyages to Vinland and established a colony there. But conflicts with the local peoples and other problems led the Vikings to abandon the colony about 1014. 3. Crusades Series of wars in Europe over Jerusalem between Christians and Muslims Pope made a plea to Lords of manors for soldiers Forced people off manors and piqued their interests in exploration of the east 4. Creation of NationStates Creation of Portugal, Spain, France and Germany Walls of manors came down and lords took over more territories. Creation of countries with kings who craved power and riches Kings sent out explores to find riches 5. Marco Polo 1295 sent out to Asia and lived there for many years Wrote the “Book of Sir Marco Polo” Told stories of his 20 year journey to China. Book told of riches and treasure of east that stimulated Europeans to travel and venture out. 6. Gutenberg’s Printing Press 1455—Printing Press Gutenberg invents a moveable type printing press made of cast metal and publishes the first Bible. His invention of the printing press led to acceleration of printed materials making books widely available for the first time. 7. Prince Henry’s School For Navigators Invented the caravel – a ship that could sail against the wind Invented the compass Eventually reached the West Coast of Africa in search of an all-water route to Asia Dias and Da Gama sailed for Portugal Prince Henry's School of Navigation by Charles Frederick William Mielatz Diaz and Da Gama Christopher Columbus Born in Genoa, Italy Goal was to sail west to get the east (China) Convinced Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to finance his journey. Left Spain August 3, 1492 and arrived in San Salvador on October 12, 1492 Columbian Miscalculations 2 Major miscalculations made by Columbus 1. Underestimated the size of the world 2. Did not realize that a big land mass (the Americas) blocked his path. Reconstructions of the Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina Reprinted courtesy of NASA Treaty of Tordesillas The pope wrote a decree( a law) granting the Spanish control of all lands discovered (or to be discovered) by Columbus. He drew an imaginary line from north to south in the Atlantic. All land and sea west of the line would belong to Spain, and all land east of the line would belong to Portugal. In 1494, the rulers of the two countries signed the treaty of Tordesillas to establish this boundary. Amerigo Vespucci Proved that Columbus discover a “new world” and had not reached Asia Balboa Balboa was a Spanish Conquistador and Explorer. He was the first European to see the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, after making an arduous trek across the Isthmus of Panama. His discovery of the eastern shores of the Pacific made Central and South America accessible to Europeans by sea and stimulated the exploration, settlement, and conquest of these lands. Balboa's route across the Panama isthmus in 1513. Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese maritime explorer who led the first successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth. Magellan himself did not complete his final voyage; he was killed during a Battle in the Philippines. He became the first person to lead an expedition sailing westward from Europe to Asia and to cross the Pacific Ocean. Of the 250 or so crew members who set out with Magellan to circumnavigate the globe, only 18 managed to return to Spain and thereby complete the circumnavigation. They were led by Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano, who took over command of the expedition after Magellan's death. Copyright: NMM London Contributions of the Magellan Voyage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proved the world was round Proved there was no passage through South America Proved the vastness of the Pacific Ocean Proved the vastness of the planet Gave mapmakers a better idea of the landscape Strait of Magellan The Strait of Magellan is a navigable route immediately south of mainland South America. The strait is arguably the most important natural passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans, but it is considered a difficult route to navigate because of the inhospitable climate and the narrowness of the passage. Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish conquistador who discovered Florida while looking for gold and the “fountain of youth” Francisco Coronado This map shows the explorations of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in the American Southwest. Coronado searched in vain for the legendary cities of Cibola and Quivira. The presentday state boundaries are also shown. World Book map Hernando De Soto 600 men undertook a gold-seeking journey during 1593-1542. They discovered the Mississippi River. In their search for wealth, de Soto and his men tortured and brutally killed many Indians. Prints and Photographs Division. Library of Congress. Hernando Cortez Conquering the Aztecs took more than two years. At the start, Cortes skillfully made associations with Indian leaders, communicating through interpreters. One of these interpreters was a young Indian woman known as Malinche. Cortes captured Montezuma and killed him and took over Tenochititlan. Cortes defeated the Aztecs, and won gold for Spain Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec Indians there in 1521. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro defeated the Incas of South America. Wong gold and glory for Spain John Cabot In 1497 John Cabot and his men explored the shores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador and gave fishing rights to the English. England claimed the whole east coast of North America because they claimed that Cabot was the first to reach the North American mainland. Giovanni da Verranzo Looking for the Northwest Passage Verrazano was sent on the first voyages by the King of France to find a western route to China. He had 4 ships, 2 of them were shipwrecked, but luckily 1 survived and it was sent back carrying prizes such as gold, silver, and spices. He sailed south until he reached Carolina. Verrazano was the first European to enter New York Harbor He was eaten by cannibals in the Caribbean Jacques Cartier Looking for the Northwest Passage The French navigator Jacques Cartier led two exploratory expeditions to North America, both funded by King Francis I. He claimed the area he discovered for France, and named the St. Lawrence River, which he explored as far as present-day Montreal