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Unit 1 – Native Americans Crossing the Land Bridge The Bering Strait The first American Indians came from Asia to No. America between 11-12,000 years ago via a land bridge over the Bering Straits The Gap Today Video 1.) Asian-American Land Bridge .47 min 2.) Pre Historic People in North America 40 000 years ago 1.43 mins 3.) Extreme Engineering Bridging the Bering Strait 10.04 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1n47P2 d1Fg&feature=BFa&list=PL1z67Fpyjorhh4 4M3J7T-wnTFFqO--iJv http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmbU7 mQIcc&feature=BFa&list=PL1z67Fpyjorhh44M3 J7T-wnTFFqO--iJv&index=5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tewrTwjcmI Video Notes: Page 3 – in your binder For the 2 Video Clips List: • 1.) 3 important facts/events that I would like to discuss • 2.) 2 Questions I have about the film • 3.) Why is this event important to the history of the United States? Civilization Complex cultures existing of 5 features: G – Government R – Religion E – Economy A – Ability to communicate T – Technology S – Social Structure Why did Native American’s settle in different parts of North America? Many Native Americans lived as hunter-gatherer societies and told their histories by oral traditions. The indigenous cultures (Native American’s) agrarian (Farming), Vs Proto-industrial, mostly Christian immigrants from western Eurasia. Why did Native American’s settle in different parts of North America? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPzeY9itf LE Buffalo Hunt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkDqzp Nsg6U Dances with Wolves – Buffalo Slaughter Ponder this….. • How did the geographic location of these early American cultural groups help shape the way they lived. Use specific examples from all 3 categories. • Mesoamerica… South America… Central America Aztec’s Inca’s Maya’s All Advanced Civilizations – Even before Columbus arrived! Meso-America Mayans: 250-BC – 900 AD Green Aztecs: 1400-1521 – Red Incas: 1438 – 1535 - Orange The Aztec Empire Geography Contributions Social Structure Religion Geography Contributions Aztecs Social Structure/Economy Religion Geography Valley of Mexico Came from the north (caves) Wandered for 100s of years Island of Tenochtitlan Contributions Codex – Writing/Records Tributes/Myths/Legends Chinampa’s, Causeways, Roads, and bridges Aztecs Social Structure/Economy Emperor- Montezuma Skilled Warriors, Noble Blood and War Heros got to wear nice clothing Market: Corn, Fish, Nuts Merchants Religion God “Humming bird on the left: Sign of eagle eating fruit From the cactus plant Human Sacrifices/Temples 5th Sun – Universe Geography of the Aztec Civilization Central America Trade The Calendar Contributions of the Aztecs Farming Medicine The Aztecs used two different calendars 1.)Measured time - Crops 365 days – 18 months 2.) Religious Festivals - when to consult the gods. Aztec doctors used many herbal remedies both to cure and prevent illness. Aztec doctors understood a great deal about the human body. There were plenty of bodies to practice on with all the wars and sacrifices. They knew cures for all sorts of things: • Fevers = take regular steam baths. • Earaches = put liquid rubber in their ears. • Broken legs = tied splints to the leg • Cut Legs = sprinkled ground-up obsidian glass on the wound • Colds = put a drop of collected dew (from the fields) into each nostril twice a day. Farming • Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. • The Aztecs didn't have any farmland, so they devised a way to create their own farmland. •The Aztecs wove giant reed mats and placed them on top of the water. They made a fence around the mat and placed mud, silt, and rotten vegetables on it. •The willow trees grew very quickly and their roots bound the soil to keep it from washing away. •The Aztecs planted corn, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, and squash. •The plants' roots would grow to the bottom of the lake so they would have an endless supply of water. • Aztec merchants were the ones that brought in so many marvelous things to the Tlatelolco Market. •Some common items being golden jewelry, feather caps, tortoise shell cups, spices, and cocoa beans. • Merchant life was hard and very dangerous when traveling long distances and visiting foreign places, so they kept to themselves. Emperor Priests/Military Leaders/Gov’t Officials Commoners (Owned Land) Slaves (Captives) Artisans, Farmers, Soldiers, Merchants Incas…. Human and Physical Geography South America What geographic features influenced the development of the Incas? Road Systems • 14,000- miles long; showed power of the Incan State • Chasiques- trained runners traveled the roads w/ messages from one end of the empire to the other • Easier movement of troops to bring control to zones where trouble might be brewing • Greatest works: palaces, irrigation canals, and other public works • Along roads, Incas built guest house to provide shelter for weary travelers. Physical Geography • Set in the Andes Mountains • Settled on the fertile lands on the Valley of Cuzo • By 1500 empire stretched 2500 miles along the western coast of South America from the Equator to Argentina in the south • Land included about 80 provinces and as many as 16 million people • To control the huge empires the rulers divided the territory and its people into manageable units. State Controlled Economy •The Incas were separated into upper and lower regions with each producing goods the other could not. • There was little private trade allowed by the Incan government. • Early socialism: people worked for the state and were cared for by the government. This included the disabled. • Land was divided three ways: State, Religious, Community • Agricultural advancements were made, such as improved irrigation. Religion • They made sacrifices towards the Gods, but most importantly the Sun God Huitzililopochtli • There were hundreds of temples and religious structures dedicated to the gods. • The Incan religion practice centered on elaborate public ceremonies to communicate with the gods and win their favor. •Religion was often combined with state rule. •Much art was focused on the Gods Organization by Government • Ayllu was a small group dedicated to bettering farming communication, and agricultural needs. • Groups divided into 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and a chief led these groups. • Mita was a labor tribute required of all able bodied citizens at least a few days a year. • Roads made it easy to communicate and travel, so this enabled great organization in government. • Incan state controlled economic activity and regulated trade of goods. Mayas (300 A.D.-900) Mayas (300 A.D.-900) • Southern Mexico to Central America • Picture system of writing • Farmers paid taxes in form of food to support cities & temples • Profitable trade system • Social structure • City with own ruling chief • nobles Chichén Itzá Let’s Head Back Up To North America New York State History The Iroquois Confederacy The League of 5 Nations The Iroquois Confederacy How did the geographic features on your NYS map help these nations decide where they were going to settle? “My children, listen well. Remember that you are brothers, that the downfall of one means the downfall of all. You must have one fire, one pipe, one war club.” — from Hiawatha the Unifier (come together) Tribes Mohawk – Albany – Utica Oneida – Utica – Syracuse Onondaga – Syracuse Cayuga – Syracuse – Rochester Seneca – Rochester – Buffalo Tuscarora – 1720’s – Niagara Falls Tuscarora I R O Q U O I s H A U D E N O S A U N E e 1. What is the fence used for by the Iroquois people? 2. What type of houses did they live in and what does that say about their family structure? Longhouses 1.)Fence for Protection 2.)Lived in Groups Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) History •They call themselves Haudenosaunee or “People of the Longhouse” – made of wood and bark •Each tribe operated separately, however they met once a year to discuss common problems •Shared a common culture, but lived in different geographic locations. The Iroquois Tribe – Upstate New York • Music The Saratoga Native American Festival When: Where: Saratoga Performing Arts Center, 108 Avenue of the Pines, Saratoga Springs NY Cost: $12 Adults / $10 Seniors / $5 Children 6-12 / Children under 5 free The Saratoga Native American Festival will take place September 29 & 30, 2012 on the SPAC grounds. The festival will offer Native American crafters and vendors, dancers, drum groups, storytellers and more! This years festival will focus on the Nations of the Northeast. For More Information Call: (518) 583-1440 Pictures and Video Video Test Review •Primary vs Secondary Sources •Geography from Topic 1 •Vocabulary – Topic 2 •The Land Bridge to the America’s •Cultural Region’s Chart (History Alive) •Aztec’s, Inca’s and Maya’s (Location, Similarities/Differences, how they adapted to their environment) •The Iroquois – Confederacy (Longhouses)