Download File

Chapter 15
The Civil War
Section 1: Mobilizing for War

Focus Question: What advantages did
each combatant possess at the beginning
of the Civil War?
North v. South
At the beginning of the War
North
South
Population
22 million
9 million (1/3 slave)
Experienced Naval
Officers
75%
25%
Experienced Sailors
100%
0%
Experienced Military
Officers
690
313
Military Colleges
1
7
Factories/Industry
80%
20%
Railroads
Twice the miles in the
South
½ the miles in the
North
Finances
National Treasury
Small banks
Choosing Sides
Many had to choose sides
 When the nation broke apart, the South
easily organized an army
 Most military colleges were in the South
 Strong army tradition

Robert E. Lee





From Virginia
Received an offer to
lead Union troops
Decided to stick with
Birth place
Considered slavery an
evil
Against secession
Northern Tradition of a Navy
North had a strong naval tradition
 Most of the nation’s naval officers were
from the North
 Crews from merchant ships were from the
North
 Many warships and shipyards were in
Naval control

Factories
Factories in the North produced more than
90% of the nation’s clothing, boots, and
shoes
 93% of “pig iron” (unrefined steel) was in
the North, used to produced weapons
 The South had 1 factory to produce
cannons
 Tredegar Iron Works (Richmond, VA)
 No facilities to produce gun powder

South Creates Armories
Summer 1862
 Create armories, gun powder mill
 Enough to supply their needs
 Plenty of food in the South
 But… problems distributing it
 Only one railroad line from Memphis to
Chattanooga

Finances
North had many advantages
 Tariffs
 Banks
 But…
 Many were withdrawing gold and silver
 Big problem
 No gold=no government bonds
 Which means no money to pay suppliers

Legal Tender Act
February 1862
 National currency
 “greenbacks”
 Colored green
because it was the
most difficult to copy
at the time

Confederacy and Money










Tried to tax trade
But.. North issued naval blockade
Then they tried to tax property
Many refused to pay
So they just printed money
Led to inflation
Money was practically worthless
End of war:
North experienced 80% inflation
South experience 9,000% inflation
Politics in the North
Republicans
 Some were abolitionists
 Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union
 Even if that meant keeping slavery
 Democrats were divided

Democrats in the North
War Democrats
 Supported the war
 Restore the Union to
pre-war condition
 Opposed ending
slavery






Peace Democrats
Opposed the war
Reunify the nation
through negotiation
Certain Republicans
saw this want for
negotiation as treason
“Copperheads”
Battle of Bull Run







1st battle
July 21, 1861
Known in the South as “Manassas Junction”
P.G.T. Beauregard (CSA) led troops to Manassas
Junction, VA
Lincoln wanted to assault the troops
Thought a Union victory would end the conflict
Pushed conflict back behind Bull Run Stream
Battle of Bull Run
Confederate Reinforcements led by
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson moved in
 Others retreated behind him
 Irwin McDowell (Union) fell back
 Union troops panicked
 Confederate troops were exhausted and
did not pursue
 3600 casualties for both sides

Need for More Troops
Lincoln decided to call up 500,000 men for
3 years
 At first, there was a big surge of
volunteers
 Had to resort to conscription

Conscription





North
Bounty to join (bonus
$)
Militia Act of 1862
Gave President
authority to call up
state militias
1863: begin national
draft





South
April 1862
White men
Ages 18-35
Teachers, government
workers and planter
with more than 20
slaves were exempt
Naval War
April 1861
 Lincoln ordered a blockade of all
Confederate ports
 Spring 1862
 Union had blocked all Southern ports
except Charleston, SC and Wilmington, NC
 Couldn’t stop all “blockade runners”

Naval War
Confederate ships would
attack Union merchant
ships from foreign ports
 “Alabama” and “Florida”
were built in Britain
 “Alabama” captured 64
ships until the Union sunk
it off the coast of France
 “Florida” destroyed 38
ships before captured in
Brazil
 This strained the
relationship between the
Union and Britain

David Farragut
February 1862
 David G. Farragut
took command of 42
Union Warships and
15,000 sailors at age
60
 Born in TN, raised in
LA, lived in VA, but
still a strong
supporter of the
North

Farragut takes New Orleans







April 1862
Farragut began bombing Confederate forts on
the lower MS River
April 24, 1862 at 2:00 am
Ships went up river single-file fired on by CSA,
but only 4 were lost
April 25
Arrived in New Orleans allowed General Butler to
take control
New Orleans now in Union controlw
Ironclads







March 9, 1862
South converted a captured Union ship
“Merrimack”
Covered it with iron and renamed it the
“Virginia”
Union had one called the “Monitor”
Challenged each other
No decisive victory after hours of fighting
But, the Monitor did keep the Virginia from
breaking the blockade
Civil Liberties







Most argued over subject
Lincoln required conscription
Democrats opposed it
Riots in IN, OH, PA, and WI (1861)
Lincoln suspends the Writ of Habeas Corpus
“The Great Writ”
Makes the government provide a reason for
holding a person in custody
Article I, Section 9: Congress may suspend
Habeas Corpus in an extreme emergency
Ex Parte Merryman







1861
John Merryman (MD) was a secessionist
U.S. military arrested him
Held him in Ft. McHenry
Lawyers asked Justice Taney to issue the writ,
because only Congress can suspend it
Taney issued it, but…..
Military ignored it
Weak Southern Government
Jefferson Davis faced
lots of problems
 Confederacy is all
about states’ rights
and limits the power
of the central
government
 Many would not
support his policies

Southern Opponents
Many southern
leaders supported the
war
 Many did NOT
support conscription
 His own Vice
President, Alexander
Stephens didn’t agree
with him

Diplomacy Problems






U.S. did not want Europe interfering
It especially did not want European countries to
recognize the CSA
The CSA wanted recognition
This caused tensions with Britain and France
Both countries needed southern cotton
South refused to sell them cotton until they
legally recognized the CSA
Foreign Relations
May 1861: Britain, France, and CSA held a
meeting
 France, “We will recognize CSA if Britain
does.”
 Britain, “We don’t want a war with USA,
we want to make sure CSA can win.”

Trent Affair
Fall 1861
 CSA sends James Mason to Britain and
John Slidell to France
 BUT….Naval Blockade!
 So they sneak to Cuba and load a British
Ship, “The Trent”
 U.S. Navy stops them, and seizes the ship,
the crew, and Mason and Slidell

Trent Affair
Britain places troops
in Canada
 AND, puts warships in
the Atlantic
 Lincoln releases
everyone, in order to
prevent a war.

Modern Warfare




Officers on both sides
believed troops would
and should form into tight
columns
Troops would take the
offensive, then attack
using bayonets
This often resulted in
high casualties
Requires large militaries
Modern Warfare







Conoidal bullet
Cone shaped
Allowed for faster
loading and better
aerodynamics
Trench warfare
Use of barricades
High casualties
Both sides were
fighting wars of
attrition
Northern War Strategy











Winfield Scott
Anaconda Plan
Kill the South slowly
Blockades
Isolate the South
Cut off supplies
Exhaust resources
Control the MS River with gun
boats
Divide the east and west
Capture New Orleans,
Vicksburg, and Memphis
Cut off shipping to the interior
and exterior
Southern War Strategy
Robert E. Lee
 Defensive strategy
 More about exhausting the opponent
 BUT…..
 Not a lot of cooperation, and they fought
offensively anyways
 Lots of casualties

The War in the West
Feb. 1862: Union General Ulysses S. Grant
seizes the TN River and Cumberland
Rivers
 Cut TN in half
 Union moved deeper into the South
 Start at Fort Henry, then moved to Fort
Donelson
 Union gains control over all KY, and West
TN

War in the West








Grant moves down the TN
River towards Corinth, MS
Camp at a church-Shiloh
April 6, 1862 Confederates
attack Grant by surprise
Grant was able to fight back
Told to retreat, but refused
Confederates retreated
20,000 troops had been
killed or wounded
More than any other battle
up to that point
Murfreesboro








Confederate troops quickly left the area and
went to Chattanooga, TN
Under the command of General Bragg
Bragg tried to move up to KY to lead an
uprising….Failed
Stopped by General Don Carlos Buell
Buell ordered to cut rail lines in Chattanooga
He moved too slowly, so he was replaced with
William Rosecrans
Attacked near Murfreesboro
Confederates retreated
War in the East







George B. McClellan picked to lead the Union in
the East
Union goal: capture Richmond, VA
McClellan was too cautious
Took 30 days to capture Yorktown
Allowed his troops to become separated at
Chickahominy River
Confederate General Joseph Johnston attacked
Inflicted heavy casualties
Seven Days Battle
Johnston was injured
 Replaced by Robert E.
Lee
 June 1862: Lee
attacked McClellan for
several days
 More than 30,000
casualties

nd
2
Battle of Bull Run
August 29-30, 1862
 Northern defeat
 After the Battle….
 Lee invaded MD
 Wanted to force the north to recognize
Southern independence
 Also wanted British recognition
 Lee places his troops in Sharpsburg, MD

Battle of Antietam
McClellan places troops on Antietam Creek
 9/17/1862: McClellan attacks Lee’s troops
 Northern Victory
 Single bloodiest day of fighting
 6,000 died
 16,000 wounded
 Convinced British to stay out of it
 Lincoln decided to free the slaves

Emancipation Proclamation
September 22, 1862
 Declared slaves in
rebellious territory are
free
 African Americans
could now enlist in
Union Army
 Did not end slavery in
border states

Life During
the Civil
War
Economics







South
Collapse of
transportation system
Heavy presence of
Union troops
Winter 1862: food
shortages
No food
Low morale
Desertions





North
Economic boom
New industries
Lots of farming
New textile mills
African-Americans








Emancipation proclamation
meant they could now enlist in
Union military
180,000 served in the Army
(9%)
10,000-15,000 served in the
Navy
54th Massachusetts one of the
first regiments
Famously attacked Charleston
Harbor in July 1863
Lost ½ of their men
Frederick Douglass’ sons
served
Sgt. William Carney was the
first black man be awarded the
Congressional Medal of Honor
Military Life






Poor food, lack of supplies, including blankets
Medicine was poor
Bodies were left on the field and caused
diseases
Infections were caused by use of un-sterilized
instruments
Smallpox, dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia were
common
Many amputations
“As a wounded man was lifted on the table, often
shrieking in pain…the surgeon quickly examined
the wound and resolved to upon cutting off the
wounded limb. Some ether was
administered…The surgeon snatched the knife
from between his teeth…wiped it rapidly one or
twice across his blood-stained apron, and the
cutting began. The operation accomplished, the
surgeon would look around with a deep sigh,
and then-’Next!’
Women
Helped with farms and businesses
 Nurses
 1861: Elizabeth Blackwell set up the U.S.
Sanitary Commission to help with supplies
 Clara Barton: American Red Cross

Effects of Emancipation
Proclamation
Before Emancipation Proclamation, both
sides agreed to exchange POWs (prisoners
of war)
 After EP: South declared that any
captured African would be executed or
enslaved
 They also refused to exchange prisoners

Military Prisons







Increased number of prisoners after EP
South’s predominant prison: Andersonville
Open air prison
Inmates were exposed to the elements
Summer 1864: 100 per day died
A total of 13,000 died out of 45,000 prisoners
Henry Wirz, Commander of the Prison, was the
only person executed for war crimes during the
Civil War Daily Record of Deaths in Andersonville
Prison Pen.doc
Section 4
The Turning Point
Vicksburg Falls
Northern Strategy: take control over the MS River
So far….Farragut captured the MS River Delta and Grant
captured the TN and Cumberland Rivers
 Next: Vicksburg, MS. This would cut the Confederacy in
half
 Grant moved across MS River then marched south
 Went past the city, then crossed back over and attacked
from the south
 Benjamin Grierson ordered to distract the enemy for 2
weeks
 Grant marched for 17 days, 180 miles
 Fought 5 battles and inflicted 7200 casualties before
arriving in Vicksburg


Vicksburg Falls
May 1863: 2 assaults on Vicksburg
 High casualties
 Grant put it under siege
 Cut off supplies
 Bombarded it
 July 4, 1863: Confederates surrendered

In the East






November 7, 1862: Lincoln
fired McClellan and replaced
him with General Ambrose
Burnside (guess what they
named after him)
Dec. 13, 1862: Burnside
ordered assaults on Lee’s
troops in the Fredericksburg,
VA
Union suffered 12,000
casualties
Confederacy had fewer than
6,000
Burnside: out
General Joseph Hooker: in
Chancellorsville





Hooker left some troops
in Fredericksburg
Took the rest west and
circled behind Lee’s
troops
Lee left a few in
Fredericksburg and took
the rest west to stop
Hooker
May 2, 1863: Lee
attacked at the
“Wilderness” near
Chancellorsville
Hooker retreated
Lee has big plans
Lee now wanted to try to invade the north
 BIG MISTAKE
 June 1863: Lee is in PA, Hooker fails to
stop his advance
 Lincoln fires Hooker
 Hires General George Meade
 Meade went north to intercept Lee

Gettysburg
Late June: Lee’s troops living off the land
 Some went to Gettysburg to get “shoes”
 Encountered Union cavalry
 July 1, 1863: Confederates pushed Union
out of town
 Both armies rushed to the scene

Pickett’s Charge
July 2: Lee attacked but Union stood
 Lee ordered 15,000 men under General Pickett to make
an assault
 “Pickett’s Charge”
 One-mile wide line charged up “Cemetery Ridge”
 Union fired and inflicted 7,000 casualties in 30 minutes
 Fewer than 5,000 Confederate troops made it up the
ridge
 Lee withdrew on July 4, 1863
 Union suffered 23,000 casualties
 South suffered 28,000 fatalities; 1/3 of Lee’s force

End of the Battle





Lee withdrew on July 4,
1863
Union suffered 23,000
casualties
South suffered 28,000
fatalities; 1/3 of Lee’s
force
Republicans gained
strength
Lee remained on the
defensive for the rest of
the war
Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
 Dedication of the
battlefield as a
military cemetery
 One of the most
famous speeches in
history
 gettysburgaddresssa
mwaterston.mp3

Chattanooga





Chattanooga would allow the North an easy way
into Georgia
Summer 1863: General Rosecrans caused
Confederates to evacuate Chattanooga
Confederate General Bragg went into GA and
waited
September 19, 1863: Rosecrans entered GA;
Bragg attacked at Chickamauga Creek
Rosecrans went back to Chattanooga, which was
surrounded
Battle of Chattanooga






Lincoln sent Meade to help
out
They arrived with 20,00
men and supplies
Lincoln them placed Grant
in overall command of the
West
Grant went to Chattanooga
Late November: Union
attacked at Lookout
Mountain
Confederates retreated to
Missionary Ridge
Battle of Chattanooga





Grant sent General
William Sherman to
attack the Confederates
Able to quickly attack
Confederates retreated
and left Chattanooga
Lincoln awarded Grant
the rank of Lt. General
Appointed him Generalin-Chief of the Union
forces
Chapter 11
Section 5
Wilderness Campaign








Grant was determined to
pursue Lee’s forces, until he
surrendered
Spring 1864: battles in the
“Wilderness”
Union suffers heavy casualties,
but keeps on going
Spotsylvania Courthouse
11 days of hand to hand
combat
Couldn’t break the Confederate
line
7,000 Union casualties
1,500 Confederate casualties
Siege of Petersburg
Spring/Summer 1864
 Grant ordered General Phillip Sheridan to
raid area near Richmond
 Grant headed Southeast crossed James
River and went west to Petersburg
 Cut railroad line
 Grant put it under seige

Farragut in Mobile
August 1864
 Farragut successfully
sealed off Mobile Bay
 Prevent shipping from
anywhere on the gulf
coast

Fall of Atlanta







General Sherman marched
with troops from Chattanooga
to Atlanta
Sherman’s troops would
destroy rail line by heating it
and making “Sherman
Neckties”
September 1st: Confederate
General John Hood evacuated
Atlanta
Union occupied Atlanta
Sherman, “Make Georgia
howl!”
Destroyed everything of
military value
Burned 1/3 of the city
Sherman’s March to the Sea





November 15, 1864
Path of destruction 60
miles wide
December 21st:
captured Savannah
Then set sights on
South Carolina
Burned and pillaged
Election of 1864





Democrat: George
McClellan
Republican: Abe
Lincoln
Lincoln won with 55%
of the vote
January 31, 1865 the
13th Amendment is
passed
Abolishes slavery
Surrender
April 1, 1865: Union cut rail line at Petersburg
 Lee was blocked in at Appomattox Court
House
 Surrounded
 Lee knew it was over
 April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered
 Grant guaranteed that Confederate soldiers
would not be tried for treason

Lincoln’s Assassination
Lincoln planned to restore
the Southern states to
the Union
 Planned to include
African-Americans in
Southern state
government
 April 14, 1865: Lincoln
attends Ford’s theater to
see a play “Our American
Cousin”
 John Wilkes Booth shot
Lincoln in the head
