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The U.S. Civil War Chapter 11 AL COS Describe how the Civil War influenced the United States, including the Anaconda Plan and the major battles of Bull Run, Antietam, Vicksburg, and Gettysburg and Sherman’s March to the Sea. [A.1.a., A.1.b., A.1.c., A.1.d., A.1.e., A.1.i., A.1.k.] ◦ Identifying key Northern and Southern Civil War personalities, including Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson, and William Tecumseh Sherman Example: President Abraham Lincoln’s philosophy of union, executive orders, and leadership ◦ Analyzing the impact of the division of the nation during the Civil War regarding resources, population distribution, and transportation ◦ Explaining reasons border states remained in the Union during the Civil War ◦ Describing nonmilitary events and life during the Civil War, including the Homestead Act, the Morrill Act, Northern draft riots, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Gettysburg Address ◦ Describing the role of women in American society during the Civil War, including efforts made by Elizabeth Blackwell and Clara Barton ◦ Tracing Alabama’s involvement in the Civil War Ch 11 Vocab – Have all defined by D3 Fort Sumter, Anaconda Plan, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, David Farragut, U.S. Grant, Bull Run, George McClellan, R.E. Lee, Shiloh, Antietam, Monitor, Merrimack Emancipation Proclamation, Habeus Corpus, Copperheads, Conscription Clara Barton, Andersonville, Ft. Pillow, Income Tax Gettysburg, Gettysburg Address, Chancellorsville, Vicksburg, William T. Sherman, Appomattox Courthouse Thirteenth Amendment, Red Cross, National Bank Act, John W. Booth • Day 1 Ft. Sumter + Strategy Quote: “Study makes men wise. Athletics makes men strong. Character makes men great.” Cliff Hare DQ’s ◦ What caused the Civil War? ◦ What events preceded the war? ◦ What were the military goals/ strategies of the North & South? ◦ How did the Southern strategy compare with that during the American Revolution? In-class ◦ Notes Sl 1-11 Succession Feb.1861 After Apr. 1861Through 1865 Fort Sumter On April 12, 1861 the South Carolina militia opened fire on Fort Sumter, which was a federal fort still occupied by U.S. troops. The Fort fell in 34 hours No casualties The South’s firing upon and taking Ft. Sumter made war between the North and the South inevitable. Ft. Sumter Response After Ft. Sumter Both Lincoln and Davis called for volunteers Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down this rebellion. Davis calls for 100,000 to defend the South As a result Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy. Nationalism was stirred up in both the north and the south. Secession Map U.S. v. Confederacy Goals of each side ◦ The goal of the South: defend its independence ◦ The goal of the North: restore the union by force Ideology ◦ The North saw the Declaration of independence as the supreme document of the land ◦ The South saw the Constitution as the supreme document of the land. ◦ Why? – The Constitution backed and protected slavery. The DOI said “All men are created equal”, which contradicted slavery. Strategy The North’s three pronged strategy ◦ Blockade Confederate ports to ruin its economy ◦ Invade the South and split It in half ◦ Capture Confederate Capital @Richmond The South’s strategy Hold out against Northern attacks Fight a defensive war and defend its right be a separate country. Day 2 - Advantages, Imp. PPL, & Typical soldier Trivia: - Which U.S. state was admitted to the U.S. in 1863 after it split from another state because it wanted to stay in the Union, while the other state succeeded and joined the Confederacy? Why? D.Q.’s ◦ What advantages (Disadvantages) did the South have? North? ◦ Who was R.E. Lee and why did he choose the Confederacy? ◦ Who were other significant people for the Union and Confederacy? ◦ What were some typical C.W. soldier characteristics In Class Schedule ◦ Notes Sl 11-21 North v. South North’s advantages The North had an extreme advantage in resources. More population, manufacturing plants, merchant ships, miles of railroad tracks, banks, minerals grains crops and meat. South’ s advantages The South’s biggest advantage was its leadership of officers in the army. Most of these officers attended West Point, were top officers in the U.S. Army, but resigned to fight for the Confederacy Economic Resources Railroad Lines, 1860 Important Confederate leaders Jefferson Davis R.E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson A.P. Hill James Longstreet Jeb Stuart The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee Important Union leaders Abraham Lincoln U.S. Grant George Meade George McClellan Joshua Chamberlain Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! The War The Average Soldier Day 3 Life of soldiers + battle field medicine Quote - “The great thing about thoughts is that you can always change your mind. With words you can never take them back” D.Q.’s ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ What were the characteristics of the average Civil War soldier? What did the average C.W. soldier eat, wear & carry? What was life like for soldiers on the battlefield? How was the Civil War fought? In class schedule ◦ Notes SL.19-31 The Average Soldier They were old and young, but mostly young… “Rich Man’s war, Poor Man’s fight” Civil War Military structure Why They Fought What They Carried What They Wore What They Ate Salt pork, bacon, or beef Soft bread, flour, cornmeal, or hardtack Beans or peas Rice or hominy Coffee Tea Sugar Vinegar Molasses Where They Slept How they Communicated Soldiers received news from multiple sources. Rumors were rampant and often magnified as soldiers wrote those rumors home. Newspapers were a great trade item, being passed across enemies picket lines and traded back and forth. Soldiers were always eager for news North or South. When They Weren’t Fighting “first thing in the morning is drill, then drill, then drill again. Then drill, drill, a little more drill. Then drill and lastly drill. Between drills, we drill….” – Union Soldier Life and Death Disease and Hygiene • Everyone and everything smelled during the Civil War. • Diarrhea was the greatest killer during the Civil War. • Of the more than 620,000 soldiers who died in the war, more than 400,000 died of sickness and disease. Life and Death Weapons technology – The rifled musket killed more soldiers than anything else, except disease. It’s effects also created wounds that were difficult to treat Life and Death When a battle took place, every structure, house, barn, yard and field, could become a hospital….. Life and Death About 2.75 million soldiers fought in the Civil War. More than 620,000 men died in the war, with disease killing twice as many as those lost in battle. "You have given your boys to die for their country. Now you can give your girls to nurse them.” -Nurse Mary Stinebaugh Day 4 Battle location, Important battles + weapons used • D.Q.’S ◦ ◦ • • What were the most important weapons used? How did the military use new technology Where were most important C.W. battles fought? What were some things that were consistent in all of them? • In-class • Notes 31-40 Memories of the War For those who survived, memories of the war were a part of their everyday life. Where Battles Happen Six Reasons Why Battles Happened in Certain Places 1. 2. 3. Road Networks Railroad Networks Importance of the Area ◦ Example: The area between Richmond,VA and Washington, DC 4. 5. 6. Waterways Topography or Lay of the Land Reliable Intelligence Early Victories by the Confederacy Early Victories (61, 62, and 63) by the Confederate forces at Bull Run, Seven Day’s battle, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg caused Lincoln to change the leadership of union army many times. These early victories also gave momentum to the Confederate cause, which crushed the idea of the North that this would be a quick and easy war. Although it had quite a few early victories, the CSA insisted on fighting a defensive war and would not invade the Union. Stonewall Jackson said after Bull Run “Give me 10,000 fresh troops and I will be in Washington tomorrow”. Had they invade they could have changed the course of the war. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac Significant victories by the Union Most of the Union Victories came in the West and when The Confederacy finally invaded the North. Important victories by Union forcesAntietam, Gettysburg (East) – Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Ft. Henry and Ft. Donellson War in the East: 1861-1862 Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties Civil War Technology Day 5 Gettysburg, Vicksburg Quote ◦ “Who you are is more important than what you do” Joe Anderson D.Q.’S ◦ Why was Gettysburg such an strategic and important battle? ◦ What were some other important battles in the East? ◦ Why was Vicksburg such an strategic and important battle? In class schedule ◦ Notes 41 – 50 Gettysburg The battle was a turning point in the war. During this battle 23,000 union soldiers died while 28,000 Confederate soldiers died. After 3 days of fighting Union forces prevailed. The loss of life for an under populated South proved to be more than it could overcome The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Vicksburg Grant captures Vicksburg by surrounding and choking off the city. By defeating Confederate forces at Vicksburg he gave the North a very strategic victory. The North could now control traffic along the Mississippi River and could split the south into thirds. Images from Vicksburg Day 6 Significance of Gettysburg Address +politics Quote “You have to be a champion before you can win a championship” Nick Saban D.Q.’s ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ What effect did the emancipation proclamation have on the war? Why is the Gettysburg Address such an iconic speech? Why didn’t Lincoln free all slaves? How was this a political move? In Class ◦ View and read the emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address (1863). Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln. 1863 One of the most iconic speeches in American history. ◦ Why? Slavery Politics Britain was an important player in the Civil War The South hoped to convince Britain to support its cause ◦ Why? The American South was Britain’s number 1 cotton supplier. ◦ To limit the growing power of the U.S. ◦ The Trent Affair The Emancipation Proclamation More slavery politics Emancipation Proclamation On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, which ordered slaves of the Confederacy to be freed. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s Position: He had not intended to interfere with slavery in the South. He did not want it to extent into the territories. Lincoln was under a lot of pressure. As the number of dead increased Northerners pushed to destroy slavery. The Proclamation Renews Spirit: After the Emancipation Proclamation the war became a moral war and revitalized the North. ◦ African Americans volunteered for the army ◦ did not apply in border states or already states conquered. Day 7 Ending the War, Sherman’s March “I have poured my heart and soul into my work and lost my mind in the process” Vincent Van Goh Dq’ s: What did Lincoln say in his 2nd Inaugural address? What new Union strategy helped end the War? What was Sherman’s March? In Class ◦ Notes 51 – 60 Ending the War March 1864 Lincoln put Grant in command of all of the Union forces. Grant determined to win the war he would have to engage in “total war” – war against civilians and resources as well as armies. Grant moves to the East Grant and Lee fought continuously from May to June 1864. At the Battle of the Wilderness Lee defeated Grant but Grant continued to follow and attack Lee. Towards the end of the war In less than a month, Union forces had lost more men than were in Lee’s entire army. Grant knew he could replace them. Lee retreated to VA and Grant surrounded Richmond (their capital). Lee tried to divert the Union forces by directing Gen. Early to move on Washington D.C. Grant sent the cavalry who drove them from the area. Sherman’s March May 1864 Ger. Sherman and 100,000 troops in Chattanooga were ordered to engage and destroy the Confederate army. Confederates retreated toward Atlanta which Sherman captured and occupied for 3 months. He then starts his infamous march to the sea Sherman’s march to the Sea Cont. When he left he destroyed the city – blamed Southerners for not ending war His troops headed south living off the land and destroying everything else. December 20, 1864 he entered Savannah. He continued, heading north into the Carolinas. The election of 1864 Lincoln wins the election of 1864 “With Malice toward None”: In Lincolns second Inaugural Address he stated he hoped to have peace without bitterness. He ordered his generals to give the Southern army’s the most liberal of surrender terms. Course of the war 1861-1865 Day 8 Appomattox, Lincoln’s Assassination Quote D.Q.’S ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ How did Grant “capture” the Army of Northern Virginia? How did the C.W. end? Who assassinated President Lincoln and why? What were the effects of this act? In Class ◦ Notes sl 61 Appomattox The Final Days: March 1865 Lee informs Davis he could no longer hold Richmond. The government fled south and Lee’s army evacuated the city. Appomattox • • • Lee Surrenders: Grant intercepts Lee’s troops trying to unite with troops. Grant pressed Lee to surrender to prevent further deaths. They met at Appomattox Court House – Grant offered generous terms. Union soldiers treated Confederate soldiers with respect. Lee Surrenders to Grant Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln is Assassinated: April 14 1865 Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. The results were devastating for both sides, Lincoln was the best man to reunify the country. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) The Cost of the War