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Ch. 16, Section 5: The Way to Victory pg. 485 Main Idea: After 4 years of war that claimed more than 600,000 Americans, the Northern forces defeated the Southern forces. Key Terms: Entrenched Total War Southern Victories Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia seemed too strong to beat in 1862 and 1863. They easily won the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, in Virginia against General Ambrose Burnside. Because of his failure, Burnside resigned. General Joseph Hooker replaced him. Chancellorsville Hooker rebuilt the army Lee attacked his troops first and won another victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, near Fredericksburg in May 1863. Huge Turning Point of War General Stonewall Jackson was among the heavy causalities. Jackson died at Chancellorsville from an accidental shot by one of the Confederate companies. He died a week later. The Tide of War Turns pgs. 486488 Lee decided to invade the North, hoping to win aid for the Confederacy from Britain and France. The South was not victorious as he moved his 75,000 troops north in June. War in the North Union General George Meade replaced General Hooker to find and fight Lee’s troops and protect Washington, D.C., and Baltimore from attack. Gettysburg The armies fought the three-day Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. On the third day, 14,000 Confederate forces, led by General Pickett, advanced toward Union lines. The Union fired as the Confederate troops marched across open territory. Lee’s troops retreated to Virginia in defeat. Images from Gettysburg The Tide of War Turns Another Northern victory occurred at the Battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Union gained control of the Mississippi River, a war goal, and isolated the western Confederacy. This and the Battle of Gettysburg were turning points in the war. Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address at a ceremony dedicating a cemetery at Gettysburg. This speech helped Americans look ahead and focus on building America. Final Phases of the War pgs. 488-490 • New Union leadership brought new plans to attack the Confederacy. • After the Northern victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, led by Generals Grant and Sherman, Lincoln named Grant commander of all the Union armies. • The plan was to have the Army of the Potomac crush Lee’s army in Virginia. • The western army under Sherman would advance to Atlanta and crush the Confederate in the Deep South. Grant the Aggressor Grant’s and Lee’s armies met in three battles near Richmond The Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Cold Harbor. The Confederacy held firm each time Grant resumed the attack. Another attack at Petersburg turned into a nine-month siege. Grant hoped that Richmond would fall, thereby cutting it off from the rest of the Confederacy. Final Phases of the War The North lost thousands of men and grew tired of the war. Democrats wanted to make peace with the South, but Lincoln wanted to restore the Union. Lincoln Reelected The end of the war was in sight, and Lincoln won reelection easily. In September 1864 Sherman captured Atlanta, and the Confederates were driven out of Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Sherman’s March to the Sea Sherman’s army waged “total war” as they then advanced from Atlanta toward Savannah, Georgia Destroying farms, killing animals, and tearing up railroad lines along the way. They captured Savannah and devastated South Carolina as the troops moved to meet Grant in Virginia. Victory for the North Lincoln talked about the end of the war and the hope for peace in his Second Inaugural Address in 1865. On April 2, 1865, Lee withdrew his troops. Rebel troops, civilians, and gov’t officials fled, setting fire to the city of Richmond as they left. Surrender On April 9, 1865, Lee and his troops surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, a small Virginia village. Grant asked only for their arms, letting them keep their horses and giving them three days’ supply of food. Victory for the North • Confederate forces in North Carolina surrendered to General Sherman several days later. • Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, was captured on May 10 in Georgia. • The war was over. Legacy of the War The war had several consequences. 1. The Civil War was the most devastating in American history. More than 600,000 soldiers died. It caused billions of dollars worth of damage, mostly in the South. 2. Bitter feelings between Southerners and Northerners lasted for generations. 3. The federal gov’t was strengthened and became more powerful than the states. 4. The war freed millions of African Americans