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The Civil War Chapter 11 Fort Sumter By Lincoln’s inauguration only 2 forts remained in Union control Fort Sumter was key Lincoln’s decision to have navy bring in reinforcements If so he would be starting hostilities If fort was evacuated give legitimacy to Confederacy Force Confederacy to decide Lincoln – sends in food forces Davis to decide Davis commands the confederate army to begin firing April 12, 1861- 4:30 a.m. Charleston citizens thought they were watching a fireworks display Anderson surrenders the fort to the confederacy Virginia secedes Unwilling to fight against other southern states Virginia secedes ---a terrible loss to the Union Most populated, industrialized (crucial ironworks and navy yard) West Virginia forms from those in Va. that were against slavery. Union advantages More fighting power More resources Finances Industry Greater food production Population Focused on grain crops Extensive railroad system Union Generals Confederate advantages “king cotton” (profits) Skilled generals Strong military tradition Motivated to defend their homeland Strategies of War North 3-part plan (Anaconda Plan) Union navy blockade ports (NO TRADE) Riverboats & armies move down Miss. River and split into 2 parts Capture capital of Richmond,Va South Own Survival Defensive Strategy Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan The “Anaconda” Plan McClellan: “ I’m all in” Union Generals Gen Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Flag First Battle of Bull Run JULY 1861 Stonewall Jackson Confederates hold firm at Bull Run (D.C.) “there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!” Tide turns against the Union 1st victory for the South Picnic at Bull Run {Historical Spotlight p.341} Ulysses S. Grant A rumpled old West Point grad that had failed at everything in civilian life However he was a brave, tough, and decisive military commander U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender” Given by Confederates Robert E. Lee Modest man willing to go beyond military textbooks in tactics Opposed to secession Declined an offer to head the Union army Chose the side of his beloved state of Virginia Shiloh March 1862 - Near MS border Confederates surprise Union Grant leads counterattack 25,000 troops are killed, wounded, or captured Confederate cannot hold Ohio-Ky frontier WAR IN EAST Antietam Bloodiest single day in American History Totaled more than 26,000 casualties As many as War of 1812 and War with Mexico combined Antietam creek— McClellan and Lee’s armies clash The Politics of War Lincoln on Slavery Disliked slavery Did not think the federal government had the power to abolish it Emancipation was not just a moral issue, it became a weapon of war Discouraged Britain from backing confederacy Slaves also provided much needed food to the south Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Lincoln issues the proclamation Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862 ". . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862 Emancipation Continued… Immense symbolic effect Gave many a moral purpose for the war Northern Democrats disagreed with it Southerners no focused on preservation of “way of life” Copperheads Northern democrats Advocated peace with the south Urged union soldiers to desert the army Advocated an armistice Suspension of Habeas Corpus Lincoln suspends the ability to find out what you are being charged with. Primarily done to Southern supporters in North Life During Wartime African Americans Fight began as a white man’s war 1862 law passed for African Americans to serve Still suffered discrimination Served in separate regiments, could not rise above the rank of captain Earned 3 dollars less a month no clothing allowance Recruitment of African-Americans Recruitment into 54th Regiment In Honor to Col. Robert Gould Shaw Slaves being Freed by Black Soldiers Battles that African-Americans took part in fighting Conscription a form of draft due to need of soldiers Confederacy Age 18-35 (1862) Age 17-50 (1864) Union Age 20-45 North initiates a draft in 1863 County Drafts NYC DRAFT RIOTS Southern Shortages The south faces a food shortage 1. drain of manpower into the army 2. Union occupation of food growing areas 3. loss of slaves to work in the fields Northern Economic Growth Most industries boomed Few suffered such as cotton (south) Although the economy grew wages did not keep up with prices Standard of living declined The North Takes Charge Chancellorsville Victory for South Except Stonewall gets shot in arm and must have it amputated. Catches Pneumonia and dies May 10 1863 Gettysburg Most decisive battle of the war Day 1: Confederates go to Gettysburg looking for shoes. Confederates take control of town Lee knows that battle will not be won until they take Cemetery Hill Gettysburg Day 2: 90,000 Yankees vs 75,000 Confederates Rebels attempt an uphill assault shocked by Union resistance and surrender in droves Union held ground Gettysburg contiued….. Northerners succeeded on Day 3 by defending the high ground and decimating Rebel troops Lee gave up all hope of invading the North Union– 23,000 killed or wounded Confederate– 28,000 killed or wounded Confederacy would never recover from Gettysburg or Vicksburg a defeat the next day Vicksburg Confederate holdout in Mississippi Food supplies run low for the rebels in their attempt to hold off Union troops They even ate dogs and mules “If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender” ---Confederate Troops Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives a 2 minute speech after a noted speaker speaks for 2 hours Changes attitudes in the nation Historian thoughts on the address Before address “the United States are” After address “the United States is” Confederacy Wears Down!! Morale on the home front deteriorated Soldiers deserted after letters from home about the lack of food Southern states argue amongst themselves on issues that hurt morale William Tecumseh Sherman Appointed by Grant as commander of the Mississippi division Believed in “total war” Sherman’s March Sherman takes Atlanta (occupies transportation) Burns most of Atlanta Sets out for Savannah burning almost every house in it’s path Surrender @ Appomattox Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox courthouse to arrange confederate surrender Terms are generous at Lincoln’s request After 4 long years of tremendous human and economic loss the Civil War was over Legacy of the War 13th Amendment “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States.” Lincoln Assassination John Wilkes Booth 26 year old actor and southern sympathizer Shoots Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in D.C. Lincoln dies the following morning April 15, 1865 Booth is killed 12 days later in Virginia Where does the nation go now? The Civil War was over Slavery had ended The country faced 2 problems How to restore southern states to the Union How to integrate 4 million newly freed Slaves